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influenza pandemic 1918-19 essay
influenza pandemic 1918-19 essay
influenza pandemic 1918-19 essay
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The Effects of Influenza on New York Businesses
NEW YORK. Oct. 5.--It has been almost one full month since the first cases of Spanish influenza--merchant mariners, shipped into New York Harbor--arrived in the city. After promptly isolating those infected at the Willard Parker Hospital on East Sixteenth Street, city health officials thought they had put an end to this dangerous disease. Despite precautionary measures taken by Dr. Royal S. Copeland, the Health Commissioner, 1,695 new cases have been reported as of late.
The current bill of mortality, 42 deaths from influenza: Manhattan, 11; Bronx, 5; Brooklyn, 24; Richmond, 2. "We have not closed up New York City largely because this community is not stricken with this epidemic," said Dr. Copeland. In an effort to prevent total shutdown of the city, the Health Department has established a "relay system of travel" or "zone system" whereby persons will go to work and leave work at varying hours. Health officials believe that the crowded subway system and surface lines are "the greatest sources of spread of the disease." They hope that staggered work schedules will prevent congestion on the subway lines. According to a declaration by the Board of Health, "all stores, except retail food and drug stores, shall open at 8 a.m. and close at 4 p.m." In addition, theaters and places of amusement will have scattered opening hours to prevent overcrowding which, it is thought, may lead to influenza's spread.
This resolution comes after a statement made by Dr. Blue called for the closure of churches, schools, and public institutions in disease stricken cities. "I hope that those having the proper authority will close all public gathering places if their community is threatened with the epidemic. This will do much toward checking the spread of the disease," said Dr. Blue. While health officials agree that their plan will be an inconvenience for the public, they stress its importance in preventing further the spread of influenza. "The plan means general inconvenience. That is granted, but its purpose is to prevent the spread of disease, and we expect our big public to take to it as patriotically as they have obeyed the mandates of the Federal Government in measures affecting the war," Dr. Blue further commented.
To further prevent the spread of the influenza disease, the Department of Health has taken measures to "eliminate the sneezers, coughers, and spitters" who pass on the disease to others through "mouth and nasal secretions.
...Andrew L. “Yellow Fever and the Late Colonial Public Health Response in the Port of Veracruz.” Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 4 (1997): 619-644.
The influenza, also known as the Spanish Flu, is affecting roughly all of northern California economically and socially whether San Franciscans notice it or not. Several schools, churches, and buildings are closed due to preventive orders by authorities. Insurance companies and the Government are spiraling downwards financially as they become responsible for the victims of this deadly influenza. Moreover, ordinances mandated the wearing of gauze masks in public places.
Hepatitis B is a DNA viral infection that causes damage and inflammation to the liver. It was first discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg. The HBV virus is very contagious and is even thought to be the most serious form of viral hepatitis and the most common viral infection on Earth. “HBV is 100 times more infectious than HIV.” (Green, 2002, pg. 7) The virus can survive for about one week outside the body on a dry surface. According to Green (2002, pg. 7), “One in twenty Americans has been infected with the virus at some point in their lives.” Between the ages of 15-39 is when 75% of new HBV infections occur, according to Green (2002, pg.8).
Hepatitis C is a global burden that gives rise to serious liver complications. Thus, it is very crucial to eradicate this disease. Since there is no vaccine, drugs combinations become important elements in treating hepatitis C globally. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is previously dealt with using combinations of drugs such as pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RVB). These drugs are dependent on several factors such as HCV genotype, treatment duration, past treatment, side effects and the patient condition. In 2013, a promising antiviral drug, sofosbuvir, brings hope to the eradication of all genotypes of HCV. This bibliography would evaluate the effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir in treating chronic hepatitis C either in combination with other drugs or alone. In addition to that, this bibliography and the following literature review will highlight the impact of sofosbuvir in the global eradication of hepatitis C. Add citation
The signs and symptoms of blood borne pathogens vary based on the type of disease it is and the ability of a person’s immune system to fight it off. In most cases hepatitis B does not need to be treated and the body can fight it off on its own. However a long-term infection can develop in some people that can cause liver damage. There is a vaccination available to prevent acquiring the disease. The signs and symptoms for hepatitis C are usually mild. It can take two weeks to six months after contact before signs begin to show, or there may not be any symptoms at all. Hepatitis C typically becomes is a long-term infection and after many years will cause liver ...
The influenza virus is most commonly spread from person to person by coughing or sneezing. The virus can also be spread by touching an object that was recently contaminated. Then accidently touching their mouth or
There are a number of ways that the current treatment for hepatitis C could improved. In the future researchers aim to develop a more effective, safe and well-tolerated interferon therapy. They have also created a new vaccine technology that has been tested in mice for its therapeutic efficiency against the most conserved regions of the hepatitis genome. They hope to eventually develop drugs that target the hepatitis C RNA-dependant RNA polymerase enzyme, which is responsible for the replication of the entire hepatitis C genome, and prevent the replication of the hepatitis C virus directly.9 Although hepatitis C is a very serious disease of the liver, technologies and medications have been proven to be effective in many chronically infected persons with hepatitis C virus.
...influenza pandemic in one way or another; the use of quarantines were extremely prevalent among them. Also, the pandemic is directly responsible for the creation of many health organizations across the globe. The organizations help track and research illnesses across the globe. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) for example, strive to prevent epidemics and pandemics. They also provide a governing body with directives to follow in case an outbreak does occur, and if one shall occur the efforts of organizations across the globe will be crucial for its containment. It is amazing that with modern medicine and proper organization that influenza still manages to make its appearance across the globe annually.
WHO also organizes World Hepatitis Day on July 28 every year to increase awareness and understanding of viral hepatitis.” (Hepatitis B.)
Influenza is very contagious and spreads rapidly from person to person. Influenza causes worldwide yearly epidemics. According to World Health organization Influenza affects 5-15% world’s population and resulting in 500,000 deaths yearly. Ottenberg stated that, in United States, an average of 200,000 were hospitalized and 36,000 died each year from influenza complications. Influenza is the sixth leading cause of death among US adults and is related to 1 in 20 death in persons older than 65 years. Disease control and prevention estimates indicate that infections like H1N1 which is one of the types of influenza, have resulted in an estimated 42 to 86 million cases and 8520 to 17620 deaths. As I mentioned earlier that infections like influenza are very contagious, they can spread easily from hcw to Patient and back to hcw. The most efficient and effective method of preventing influenza infection is vaccination(The best way to prevent influenza is with annual vaccination).(Sullivan,2010) (Gregory,Tosh &Jacobson, 2005). Motivated by a desire to actively avoid illness Influenza may increase the risk for death in people with existing heart, lung, or circulation disorders. In fact, the higher than average number of winter deaths in people with heart disease may be due only to the occurrence of influenza during those months.Vaccination provides immunity to fight against infection.To increase resistance to harm by modifying the environment to minimize preventable illness (NEED TO CHANGE WORDING)
This week, influenza and the war continue to affect Manchester, causing mayhem as well as celebration within the county. Manchester residents, from toddlers to elders, bravely face the influenza epidemic onslaught and stand triumphant with minimal fatality. Unfortunately, the influenza epidemic did impact Manchester's social, economic and military life but without detrimental results....
...ons of HBV and HCV end up with cirrhosis which develops to hepatocellular carcinoma therefore they should be vaccinated (LeMone et al, p719).
“Seasonal Influenza-Associated Hospitalization in the United States.” USA.gov, 24 June 2011. Web. 31 Jan. 2012
There is a disease spreading out in the world called Hepatitis C. It affects the liver and may cause the liver to fail. This disease is caused by a virus called Hepatitis C virus which is also known as HCV. About 32,000 people are affected with this disease per year only in the United States area. Some It’s a disease with many symptoms and many causes. of these symptoms are easy bruising, upset stomach and fever. These are just some of the many symptoms that come from the virus. Hepatitis Cs nature of the causative agent is determined by many things. The biological data of this disease is filled so much information. It is estimated that over 180 million people have gotten Hepatitis C and it is growing.
The influenza pandemic occurred in a manner that shocked many. It spread extremely fast which finally brought it to the attention of the government. The fact that World War I was going on pressured governments even more to do something about the pandemic (Hayes 390). The public health authorities in the United States created their plan of containment similar to what they did with the Bubonic plague. Their plan of action was to reduce contact between individuals. Their ideas were created based on their knowledge of how the virus spread which was through the air by coughing and sneezing. Since they came to the conclusion that the virus spread through the air, they tried to limit the contact between the effected and those not effected so they would not share the same air. Public gatherings and meeting places were seen as a threat and a great place for the virus to spread and so were closed down. In the United States, the Committee of the American Public Health Association, APHA, created measures that greatly limited public gatherings. They concluded that the gathering of bodies in a single space in which breath was shared was dangerous. Many places of entertainment such as theatres, saloons, and dance halls were closed. Even public funerals were banned. Schools were cl...