The Effects of Beat Writers and Experimental Poetry on Edwin Morgan's Work
Discussing influences that in some way or other cause an author to change his work usually presents some difficulties, for example, why do we think a particular influence more important than another, and which one do we choose when there are many different ones? In Edwin Morgan's case there are quite a number of influences, all of them worth discussing: There are authors he translated like Vladimir Mayakovsky, Francesco Petrarca, Sándor Weöres, Eugenio Montale, Andrei Voznesensky, Attila József, and others; there are also William Blake, Percy Bysshe Shelley, G.M. Hopkins and John Milton, and there is the philosophy of Bakhtin and Wittgenstein. However, in this paper I will concentrate on the effect that the Beat writers and experimental poetry had on Morgan's work; "effect", because these have caused a greater change than any of the other influences. Beat poets and experimental poetry functioned as catalysts for Morgan's work, because they set processes going that changed his writing to a great extent. Borrowed from chemistry the term "catalyst" refers to any substance that causes and/or increases the rate of a reaction without itself being consumed after the process has been completed. And this is just what happened when Morgan discovered the Beatniks and experimental poetry.
Before analysing the effects of these two catalysts on Edwin Morgan's work, we must take a look at the poetry he wrote before discovering them. Therefore I invite you to my time-travelling laboratory: First we will stop by to take a sample and to analyse our ground substance at the beginning of the 1950s in the form of two poems, 'The Cape of Good Hope' (1955) and 'The Vision of Cathkin Braes' (1952). We will then fly over to America to examine the Beat Catalyst, and come back to Glasgow around about 1960 to see if the Beat catalyst caused or increased any reactions; naturally, possible reactions will have to be documented. However, we cannot stay too long, as we have to fly to Brazil and to Switzerland to gather the other catalyst, a truly experimental one. After our return we will again check if any reactions have been caused or increased. We will then document these, check if there have been any additional reactions or perhaps if some long-term reactions have been caused, write a protocol, wash the test tubes, and set the mice free.
Nurses’ ability to provide interpersonal and comforting touch could be impaired by the current fast-paced, high-acuity and understaffed hospital-centred setting (Connor & Howett, 2009). Nursing is one of the few roles in contemporary society in which physical contact, even with intimate parts of the body, is accepted (Green, 2013). The frequent touch nurses encounter in patient care, however, is not always deliberate and with the intention of enhancing care (Connor & Howett, 2009). A stressful environment hinders nurses from achieving a state of therapists’ inner balance to perform tactile touch in hospitals (Henricson et al. 2006). In the absence of a quiet, independent environment, the positive outcomes of tactile touch are unlikely to be achieved and may even contribute to nurses’ fatigue (Homayouni et al. 2012).
Throughout history there have been many poets and some have succeeded while other didn’t have the same luck. But in history e.e. Cummings has stunned people with his creativity and exposure to the real world and not living in the fantasy people imagine they live in. Cummings was a great poet, and was able to make his own way of writing while he was also involved greatly in the modernist movement. But he demonstrates all his uniqueness in all and every poem, delivering people with knowledge and making them see the world with different eyes as in the poem “Since feeling is first”.
Since ours is an age that has found irony, ambiguity, and paradox to be central not only in literature but in life, it is not surprising that Hawthorne has seemed to us one of the most modern of nineteenth century American writers. The bulk and general excellence of the great outburst of Hawthorne criticism of the past decade attest to his relevance for us(54).
Fort, Keith. “The Function of Style in Franz Kafka’s ‘The Trial’.” Sewanee Review 72 (1964): 643-51. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard and Paula Kepos. Vol. 29. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1988. 198-200.
Do the events and trials a writer goes through effectively make their writing style change? Both Jack London and E. E. Cummings were literary giants for their own times. Both had different life events, grew up in different settings, and had different influences in their lives, but how much of a difference does that make? Londons Call of the wild is regarded as one of the best naturalist writings that not only was a big hit for naturalists, but for every generation afterwards. Cummings The Enormous room, shows the crucial punishment of a soldier who is confined into a room in a concentration camp in La-Ferte mace, normandy. Cummings book is based off of his real life time experience in a concenctration camp in which he endured many difficult conditions. What life, and era events caused these two well known writers to write these stories?
The article properly analysed both Poe’s and Dylan’s work in order to find the link between them. Furthermore, the article gave other snippets of intertextuality between, not only Dylan and other artists but Poe as well. Rollason persuaded his audience well, not only because he is trusted given his credentials, and the few disciplines he used but also through the numerous examples he gave using Poe and Dylan’s work, other scholars’ works, Dylan’s words and even in quoting his previous work. The topic of choice for Rollason’s article was interesting, considering my love for Poe’s work and my appreciation of Dylan’s, I thought it a very well written and enjoyable article.
Nurses’ ability of providing the interpersonal and comforting touch could be impaired by the contemporarily fast-paced, high-acuity and understaffed hospital-centered setting (Connor & Howett, 2009). Nursing is one of the few roles in contemporary society in which the physical contact and even of the intimate body is accepted (Green, 2013). The frequent touch nurses encounter in patient care, however, is not always the deliberated and intentioned one of enhancing care (Connor & Howett, 2009). A stressful environment hinders nurses from achieving a state of therapists’ inner balance to perform tactile touch at hospitals (Henricson et al., 2006). In the absence of a quiet and an independent environment, the positive outcomes of tactile touch are unlikely to achieve and may even cause nurses’ tiredness (Homayouni et al., 2012).
Poetry’s role is evaluated according to what extent it mirrors, shapes and is reshaped by historical events. In the mid-19th century, some critics viewed poetry as “an expression of the poet’s personality, a manifestation of the poet’s intuition and of the social and historical context which shaped him” ( Preminger, Warnke, Hardison 511). Analysis of the historical, social, political and cultural events at a certain time helps the reader fully grasp a given work. The historical approach is necessary in order for given allusions to be situated in their social, political and cultural background. In order to escape intentional fallacy, a poet should relate his work to universal
The essays used in this book have been chosen by Harold Bloom, being that they are still by different essayists than the last two sources mentioned and considering Bloom is not one of them, it is still not bias. This source shed some light on the context of the two poems that were analyzed, but minimal observations on the poem itself and its correlation to the themes. Given this, there was only bare to little use of this secondary source.
Behaviorists wanted to test different patterns of reinforcements, to see how long a behavior would be maintained or forgotten. The first ratio tested was continuous reinforcement. In continuous reinforcement an animal is rewarded every time they complete a certain behavior. The next reinforcement schedule was the fixed ratio schedule. In fixed ratio, a behavior is rewarded after a certain amount of correct responses. An example would be given a reward after three correct answers. The next schedule would be fixed interval reinforcement. In fixed interval reinforcement, a person is rewarded for doing a task for a certain amount of time, such as being paid by the hour. Variable ratio is the next type of schedule. With Variable ratio the reward would be at unpredictable intervals. Examples would be slot machines, as there is no set amount of tries or time before you are rewarded. This is the most effective schedule of behavior because it encourages continuous behavior, instead of a set number of tries or a certain amount of time. Lastly is the variable interval reinforcement, which has a reward given after a certain amount of time, such as completing a task in five
This chemistry book report is focus on a book called “Napoleon's buttons: How 17 molecules changed history” by Penny Le Couteur and Jay Burreson. The publisher of this book is Tarcher Putnam, the book was published in Canada on 2003 with 17 chapters (hey the number match the title of the book!) and a total of 378 pages. The genre of this book is nonfiction. “Napoleon's Buttons” contain a fascinating story of seventeen groups of molecules that have greatly changed the course of history and continuing affect the world we live in today. It also reveal the astonishing chemical connection among some unrelated events, for example: Chemistry caused New Amsterdamers to be renamed New Yorkers and one little accident of detonating cotton apron in a minor housekeeping mishap lead to the development of modern explosives and the founding of the movie industry.
Since ours is an age that has found irony, ambiguity, and paradox to be central not only in literature but in life, it is not surprising that Hawthorne has seemed to us one of the most modern of nineteenth century American writers. The bulk and general excellence of the great outburst of Hawthorne criticism of the past decade attest to his relevance for us (54).
D.H. Lawrence made the important contribution to the form of the English novel by bringing new subject matter and by giving the reader instantaneous observation, slackening the puppet strings usually held by the author. Like the Russians, he subordinates the plot to life. He is really interested in the workings of the elemental life impulse and in showing how the unconscious vital forces control the conscious life. His characters move and compel because he makes us instantaneously share their hours in the miner’s cottage, in the factory, and in the farm.
The New Critics, just like Wimsatt and Beardsley put forward in their essay, also believed in the ‘organicity’ of the text. In the essay, they write, “A poem should not mean but be.” And, since the meaning of the poem or the text is the medium through which it can exist, and words, in turn, is the medium through which the meaning is expressed, the poem or the text b...
Sociological criticism analyzes the political, economic, and cultural aspects of literature. To examine literature from the perspective of Marxist social theory is a quintessential form of sociological criticism, as Marxism primarily deals with political and economic ideas of communism and social inequality. William Blake, a Romantic poet, frequently wrote on the topic of class oppression and his opposition to the exploitation of the proletariat by the capitalists. Blake’s ideology and preference towards an equalitarian society quite closely mirror the theories of Karl Marx. Analyzing Blake’s poetry from a Marxist perspective paints a clearer picture of the motives behind Blake’s anger towards social inequality. Poems such as “The Chimney Sweeper” and “London” from his poetry collections Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience illustrate Blake’s despair regarding the unjust and unequal society of 18th century England. In “The Chimney Sweeper,” Blake expresses his anger at the late 18th and 19th century's use of child labor in urban England. In “London,” Blake illustrates the depressing class oppression prevalent in the streets of the city.