Introduction
In recent years, physical exercise has attracted more and more attention. Regular physical exercise can not only allow people to keep healthy but also do good to the muscles. Composed of muscular tissue, muscles play an important role in bodily functions. Muscles can be divided into three types: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are involuntary and will not contract according to the will of human beings. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and account for about 40% of total body weight. Muscles are essential to maintain normal physiological functions because they can produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints and generate heat. The purpose of this report is to study the effect of exercise on muscle. I will discuss the effect on the mitochondria, muscle fibers, capillaries and other aspects.
Changes in the elements of muscles
If muscle activities last long, muscles will contract less effectively and muscle fatigue will occur due to a lack of oxygen. Generally speaking, exercise can result in stronger and more flexible muscles with more resistance to fatigue. Long-term physical exercise can change the elements of the muscular tissue. For example, the amount of muscle glycogen, muscle myosin and muscle hemoglobin increases. The increase in these elements can improve the activity of ATP enzyme and enhance the contraction ability of muscles. In mitochondria, the glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. At this process, the energy is generated which can be used to attach a phosphate molecule to ADP to make ATP. However, if there is not enough oxygen, lactic acid will be produced which can result in muscle fatigue. If the activity of ATP enzyme is improv...
... middle of paper ...
... to take exercise of middle and low intensity such as brisk walking and jogging.
Conclusion
Muscles play an indispensible in normal physiological functions. Without the muscles, people are unable to play balls, run and swim. Muscles enable people to take exercise and exercise can have a positive effect muscles in return. The report aims to study the effect of exercise on muscle. Taking exercise can change the elements of muscles such as muscle glycogen, muscle myosin and muscle hemoglobin. In addition, taking exercise can increase the amount of mitochondria which can provide energy for muscles. Furthermore, exercise can lead to improvements of cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the capillary network. It can also increase the volume of muscle cells and make muscles stronger. However, it is important to choose appropriate exercise activities and intensity.
The data collected during this experiment has shown that a relationship likely exists between the rate of muscle fatigue and the time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitive movements. This is likely due to a build-up of lactic acid and lactate as a result of anaerobic respiration occurring to provide energy for the muscle cell’s movement. As the pH of the cell would have been lowered, the enzymes necessary in the reactions would likely not be working in their optimum pH range, slowing the respiration reactions and providing an explanation to why the average number of repetitions decreased as the prior amount of exercise increased.
Every day we use our skeletal muscle to do simple task and without skeletal muscles, we will not be able to do anything. Szent-Gyorgyi (2011) muscle tissue contraction in rabbit’s muscles and discovered that ATP is a source for muscle contraction and not ADP. He proposed a mechanism to cellular respiration and was later used by Sir Hans Krebs to investigate the steps to glucose catabolism to make ATP. In this paper, I will be discussing the structure of muscle fibers and skeletal muscles, muscle contraction, biomechanics, and how glucose and fat are metabolized in the skeletal muscles.
3. Effects of resistance training and Chromioum Picolinate on body composition and skelatal muscle in older men by, Campbell WW., Joseph LJ., Davey SL., Cyr-Campbell D., Anderson RA., and Evans WJ.. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY. 86(1): 29-39,1999 January.
This report will explore the structure and function of skeletal muscle within the human body. There are three muscle classifications: smooth (looks smooth), cardiac (looks striated) and skeletal (looks striated). Smooth muscle is found within blood vessels, the gut and the intestines; it assists the movement of substances by contracting and relaxing, this is an involuntary effort. The heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which contracts rhythmically nonstop for the entire duration of a person’s life and again is an involuntary movement of the body. The main focus of this report is on skeletal muscle and the movement produced which is inflicted by conscious thought unless there is a potentially harmful stimulus and then reaction is due to reflex, as the body naturally wants to protect itself. Skeletal muscle is found attached to bones and when they contract and relax they produce movement, there is a specific process that the muscle fibers go through to allow this to occur.
Muscle endurance is the ability to perform a lot of repetitions against a given resistance for a long period of time. The combination of strength and endurance results in muscle endurance. Muscle endurance is used in may sports such as rowing, swimming, cycling, distance running, field hockey and American football. Normally, an endurance muscle program involves lifting about 12-25 repetitions of moderate loads. In some cases, this is inadequate for many sports such as boxing, canoeing and x-cross skiing.
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles play a vital role in the everyday processes that allow the human body to function. Without these muscles, everyday tasks and functions could not be conducted. Injury to these muscles could cause serious problems, however, these muscles have the ability to regenerate, repair, and fix multiple problems all by themselves. Repair and regeneration of a muscle are two similar, yet different things. Repair restores muscle continuity so that it can continue to function in the same way as before injury, but does not completely restore the pre-injury structure like regeneration (Huijbregts, 2001). Muscle repair and regeneration take place after an injury, after surgery, after atrophy, and even after working out.
Do you know how you are able to run long distances or lift heavy things? One of the reasons is cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is how your body breaks down the food you’ve eaten into adenosine triphosphate also known as ATP. ATP is the bodies energy its in every cell in the human body. We don’t always need cellular respiration so it is sometimes anaerobic. For example, when we are sleeping or just watching television. When you are doing activities that are intense like lifting weights or running, your cellular respiration becomes aerobic which means you are also using more ATP. Cellular respiration is important in modern science because if we did not know about it, we wouldn’t know how we are able to make ATP when we are doing simple task like that are aerobic or anaerobic.
Muscle activity, including generating force and moving limbs through lengthening and shortening, is an important influence on beneficial tissue stress. Muscles adapt quickly to periods of lower or higher stress and demonstrate obvious visual and functional changes. At a tissue level, the Physical Stress Theory (PST) states that muscle adaptations are consistent with other high and low strain tissue adaptation models. Low stress/activity associated with immobilization results in decreases in contractile protein, fiber diameter, peak tension and power. Evidence supports the idea that tissues within the musculoskeletal system atrophy and become less tolerant of physical stress if stress on the tissue diminishes below a baseline level.3 In addition,
As the exercise intensifies, you need more energy and therefore more oxygen. Your blood carries oxygen from the lungs to your muscles. To keep up with these increased oxygen needs, you have to have more blood going into your muscles. As a result, your heart pumps faster, sending more oxygenated blood to your muscles per second. Aim-
Investigating the Effect of Exercise on the Heart Rate Introduction For it's size the heart has the huge capacity of pumping large amounts of blood, in the average adult's heart beats 60 to 100 times a minute, pumps between 70ml and 100ml of blood with each beat, circulates 5 to 6 litres of blood around the body per minute and about 13 litres of blood per minute during vigorous exercise. The heart will beat more then 2.5 billion times during an average lifetime. This investigation will be looking at the effect of exercise on the heart rate. Aim The aim of this investigation is to find out how exercise affects the heart rate, using research & experimenting on changes and increases in the heart rate using exercise. Research â— The heart The normal heart is a strong, hardworking pump made of muscle tissue.
Creative new training methods, developed by coaches, athletes and sport scientists, are aimed to help improve the quality and quantity of athletic training ( Kellmann, 2010, p.1). However, these methods have encountered a consistent set of barriers including overtraining ( Kellmann, 2010, p.1). Due to these barriers, the need for physical and mental recovery in athletics brought an increasing attention in practice and in research ( Kellmann, 2010, p.1).
All movement in the body are created by muscle cells. Muscle fibers activate their tension generating site in order to create contraction, their distinct concentric ability in shortening of muscle results in increasing muscle size. According to the sliding filament theory, thick and thin filaments slid with each other in the sarcomere shortening it in length. During muscle contraction, each sarcomere shortens, bringing the Z discs closer together (Copper 2000). This muscle contraction activity is aid by ATP; it provides energy to drive filament sliding. myosin and actin are tightly bound with the presence of hydrolyzed ATP on the myosin molecule (Goldman 1987).
Bodybuilding is a practice where through dieting and strengthening individuals enlarge the muscles of their body. Consequently, there are many health risks associated with bodybuilding. It takes a very big toll on a person’s health, not just physically, but mentally as well. For many years the sport of bodybuilding has been male dominated but in the last few decades, female bodybuilding has been making an appearance within the industry. Many believe that female bodybuilding is an act of feminism because it represents the transgression of the social constructs of gender roles such as what it means to be a woman and how a woman should look. For female bodybuilders, it allows them to take charge of their mental well-being and feel empowered.
One of the most important changes would be an alteration in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood, this could be caused by a rise in blood carbon dioxide or an increase in tissue respiration in the muscles during the exercise. The respiratory centre is in its self. sensitive to raised hCo2 and responds by increasing the rate and depth. of the breath of the mind. In the aortic arch and carotid bodies there are chemoreceptors.
Adding exercises into one’s daily routines can change their whole lifestyle. Many people look at exercise as being something just for people who want to lose weight or to become muscle bound, but there are a great deal of benefits that can be received from exercising regularly. Of course gaining muscle and losing fat are the two most popular reasons that usually attract people to the gym, but they make up a small part of the potential benefits that can be achieved with exercise. There are several ways in which I have benefited in my life from exercising regularly, besides just making me bigger and stronger. It has made me become more organized, helped me make better decisions, and motivated me to take on new challenges in life.