The Effect of Substrate Concentration on the Rate of Activity of the Enzyme Catalase Background Information: Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the speed of chemical reactions without undergoing any physical change. They are neither used up in the reaction nor do they appear as reaction products. All enzyme catalysed reactions are reversible. Enzymes effectively lower the amount of activation energy required for chemical reactions to start. Some enzymes weaken covalent bonds within the substrate molecule, whereas in other cases this lowering of the activation energy seems to take place because the enzyme holds the substrate molecules in a particular position that increases the likelihood that the molecules are going to react. The graph below shows how the activation energy is lowered when enzymes are present; The enzyme and substrate form an enzyme-substrate complex (Savante Arrhenius 1888 Swedish scientist). One theory of this is the lock and key hypothesis. According to this hypothesis the enzyme molecule can only bind with a substrate with a complementary shape to fit its active site, like a lock and a key. However, another theory of how the enzyme-substrate complex binds together is the induced fit hypothesis (Koshland). This hypothesis suggests that some enzymes undergo small modifications to the active site when they form a complex with the substrate. Within cells, hundreds of reactions occur all the time, however they don't happen at room temperature, as it is too cool, if they do, then it is a very slow reaction. Which is why enzymes are so important. The human body is still quite cool for reactions t... ... middle of paper ... ...ed up to the correct mark. For the hydrogen peroxide, 4cm was being used, there was no 4cm syringes available so I used the closest size to it which was a 5cm syringe, and checked the meniscus again. However, again if I had the correct resources, I would have used a micropipette as this can measure extremely small measurements, such as a tenth of a millimetre. My results were moderately reliable as all the repeat tests were within 1cm of each of the same concentration tests. E.g., for the 20% concentration, the 3 results were; 20, 19 and 20. Causing the average to be 19.67 to 2dp. However my result's unreliability was mainly due to the fact only one variable could be controlled, all other factors that increased the rate of reaction could not be kept constant. In spite of this, the experiment has proved my hypothesis.
Catecholase is an enzyme formed by catechol and oxygen used to interlock oxygen at relative settings, and it is present in plants and crustaceans (Sanyal et. al, 2014). For example, in most fruits and vegetables, the bruised or exposed area of the pant becomes brown due to the reaction of catechol becoming oxidized and oxygen becoming reduced by gaining hydrogen to form water, which then creates a chain that is is the structural backbone of dark melanoid pigments (Helms et al., 1998). However, not all fruits and plants darken at the same rate. This leads to question the enzymatic strength of catecholase and how nearby surroundings affect its activity. The catecholase enzyme has an optimal temperature of approximately 40°C (Helms et al., 1998). Anything above that level would denature the tertiary or primary structure of the protein and cause it to be inoperable. At low temperatures, enzymes have a slower catalyzing rate. Enzymes also function under optimal pH level or else they will also denature, so an average quantity of ions, not too high or low, present within a solution could determine the efficiency of an enzyme (Helms et al., 1998). Also, if more enzymes were added to the concentration, the solution would have a more active sites available for substrates and allow the reaction rate to increase if excess substrate is present (Helms et al., 1998). However, if more
The Effect of Temperature on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase Introduction: The catalase is added to hydrogen peroxide (H²0²), a vigorous reaction occurs and oxygen gas is evolved. This experiment investigates the effect of temperature on the rate at which the enzyme works by measuring the amount of oxygen evolved over a period of time. The experiment was carried out varying the temperature and recording the results. It was then repeated but we removed the catalase (potato) and added Lead Nitrate in its place, we again tested this experiment at two different temperatures and recorded the results. Once all the experiments were calculated, comparisons against two other groups were recorded.
Investigating the Effect of Substrate Concentration on Catalase Reaction. Planning -Aim : The aim of the experiment is to examine how the concentration of the substrate (Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2) affects the rate of reaction. the enzyme (catalase).
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Investigating the Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Hydrolysis of Starch with Amylase Aim: Investigate the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction. Using amylase and starch as my example. Introduction: I am investigating the effect of the concentration of the enzyme, amylase on the time taken for the enzyme to fully breakdown the substrate, starch to a sugar solution. The varied variable will be the concentration and all other variables are going to be fixed. The different concentrations will be: 0.5% 0.75% 1.0% 1.5% 2% An enzyme is a class of protein, which acts as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of reaction with its substrates.
Eds. Gary Goshgarian and Kathleen Kruger. New York: Parson-Longman, 2002. 1-2. How to use a syringe?
The Effect of Surface Area on the Rate of Reaction Between Catalase from a Potato and Hydrogen Peroxide
To avoid contamination as best as possible, if washing hands according to SOP1 is not possible, wearing gloves and spraying with 70% ethanol is also acceptable for the procedure. Furthermore, not touching the ends of the needle and filter are absolutely essential in avoiding contamination thus applying them to the syringe whilst the ends are still in their sterile packaging will aid the prevention of contamination. When not in use placing the syringe on its plunger creates a smaller surface area for the contaminants to attach to as well. Loosening the lids of the broth tubes before placing in the Biohazard cabinet ensures easier removal when required thus less exposure time of the opened end to the environment allowing contaminants in.
The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The higher the hydrogen ion concentration, the lower the pH. Most enzymes function efficiently over a narrow pH range. A change in pH above or below this range reduces the rate of enzyme reaction. considerably.
If I was to do this experiment again I might use a Fungi amylase to
The Effect of pH on the Activity of Catalase Planning Experimental Work Secondary Resources Catalase is a type of enzyme found in different types of foods such as potatoes, apples and livers. It speeds up the disintegration of hydrogen peroxide into water because of the molecule of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but it remains unchanged at the end of the reaction.
How the Concentration of the Substrate Affects the Reaction in the Catalase Inside Potato Cells
The Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide and Speed of The Rate at Which It is Broken Down by Catalase