The Effect of Exercise on Pulse Rate

Cellular Respiration is a process that metabolic reactions take place , and where the large molecules that are present are broken down to become smaller. Cellular Respiration is also known as a combustion reaction. (AAPT 2000). Every living thing uses cellular respirations, except plants. Fermentation is when bacteria or other microorganisms chemically breakdown a substance while giving off heat.

Figure 1 shows the Haber-Weiss and Fenton reactions, which readily occur under physiological conditions with free iron and oxygen or hydrogen peroxide to produce free radicals. These free radicals will cause damage in the cell and contribute to oxidative stress (67, 97). Iron absorption, transport, and storage are therefore highly regulated and the disruption of iron metabolism has been implicated in several diseases. The mechanism of iron absorption and transport is well known and is briefly described here. Non-heme and heme iron are absorbed into the enterocyte through DMT1 and heme carrier protein 1, respectively (5, 67, 97).

Heart is made up of muscle and it has walls. It contacts to pump blood into the blood vessels and all over your body. The heart beats to maintain the blood circulating. The heart beating leads the cardiac cycle and which pumps blood to the cells and tissues of the body. The veins supply the deoxygenated blood from the body to the right side of heart.

Adenosine Triphosphate All living organisms require a continuous supply of energy to survive. At any one time there are millions of chemical reactions occurring simultaneously, with some reactions requiring energy and others releasing energy. The combination of simultaneous interrelated chemical reactions taking place at any given time in a cell at any given time is referred to as metabolism. Energy is needed in biological organisms for: - synthesis of chemicals - active transport - mechanical movement The three processes that are listed above are classified as work, which is done by a living organism. There are two main types of reactions which occur in all cells; energy requiring reactions - endergonic, and energy yielding reactions - exergonic.

Metabolism is defined the sum of all chemical reactions which occur and are involved in sustaining life of a cell, and thus an organism. Metabolism is of two types: Catabolism: in this process molecules break down producing energy Anabolism: in this process synthesis of essential compounds needed by the cells are produced (such as DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis). Bioenergetics describes the metabolic pathways by which a cell obtains energy. Nutrition science studies the relation between the food substance and living things. The study deals with: 1) Body requirements of various substances.

The human body is made of cells, which means that if the cells die, the human dies. Metabolism keeps the cells and thus the body alive and functioning properly and can be divided into two parts: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks down molecules in order to gain energy while anabolism synthesizes everything that the cells need. During catabolism, chemical energy such as ATP is released. The energy released during catabolism is released in three phases.

Metabolism is defined the sum of all chemical reactions which occurs and are involved in sustaining life of a cell, and thus an organism. Metabolism is of the following two types: catabolism and anabolism. In catabolism, molecules break down producing energy During anabolism, synthesis of essential compounds needed by the cells are produced (such as DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis). Bioenergetics describes the metabolic pathways by which a cell obtains energy. Nutrition science studies the relation between food substance and living things.

This happens by the use of superoxide dismutase enzyme, by the use of this enzyme a production of stable ROS is formed such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which is then broken down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2), this occurs in all types of vascular cells (Taniyama et al., 2003) Figure 1: Formation of free radicals in biological systems (Vet med, 2014) 2.2 ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES The major source of reactive oxygen species in both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells are membrane bound oxidases, which utilise NADH and NADPH as substrates (Kojda et al., 1999). Impaired endothelium dependent vasorelaxation: ROS plays a very important role in the endothelium dysfunction and ... ... middle of paper ... ... migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells which are involved in the inflammatory lesions. These aid in further thickening the artery by slow dilation, this is called “remodelling”. Monocyte-derived macrophages and specific subtypes of T lymphocytes are mainly associated with the inflammatory response (Russell, 1997). Normal endothelium permeability is mediated by nitric oxide.

(HallyHosting, n.d) The next stage of glycolysis occurs in thecytoplasm of the mitochondria. This is called the link reaction, also known as oxidative carboxylation. Oxygen is required in this stage so is an aerobic respiration and completes the conversion of pyruvate. The 2 pyruvic acid molecules, or also known as pyruvate, enter into the mitochondria, where the hydrogen and carbon dioxide become removed from them creating t... ... middle of paper ... ...oup to be added to ADP. This then forms ATP.

Blood actually has multiple components: Red blood cells are the transport mechanism that carry vital materials such as nutrients and oxygen to cells in the body, and remove the waste and unused bi-products produced by organ and body function. Haemoglobin in blood carries the oxygen molecules around the circulatory system. They oxygen binds to the iron in the blood cells and gives blood its red colour. As the blood is diffused across the membranes of the capillary walls and into the cells of organs, the level of carbon dioxide is diffused back as waste from cells to the blood cells where it can be transported to the excretory organs, as well as repeat it’s reoxygenation process in capillaries of the lungs. Red blood cells are transported around the blood vessels in a straw-like fluid called plasma.