The period of 19th century saw remarkable events in the world history. Various political revolutions took place during this period. As far as the Dutch empire is considered, the 19th century was the turning point in several ways. At the end of the 18th century, in 1975, the French invaded the Netherlands. In 1806, Napoleon declared his brother Louis as the king of the Netherlands (Schoffer, 1973). However, The Dutch kingdom gained its independence after the defeat of Napoleon in 1813 when William Prince became the sovereign of the Netherlands and declared himself as the King of the Dutch and the kingdom as the Dutch kingdom (Schoffer, 1973).
In 1815, King William I united Belgium and the Netherlands together as one country. However, Belgium and the Netherlands were too different to be united that the Belgians rebelled against the Dutch kingdom for their and William had to declare independence to Belgium. William I died in 1840 and in introduced his son William II as the heir of the Dutch kingdom (Schoffer, 1973). In1848, William II introduced a new liberal constitution to transform the Dutch empire into a parliamentary state. The Dutch kingdom had the States General that represented a general electorate, which was strictly limited to the enactment of payment of tax proposed by the government and to approve a long-term budget. After the death of William II in 1849, his son William III continued the transformation of the kingdom (Rowen, 2013).
After Belgium split from the Dutch kingdom and regained its independence, there were great religious differences in the Dutch kingdom. The differences arose between the Calvinists, the Catholics and the Protestant groups (Rowen, 2013). A group of Calvinists split from the Dutch Reformed Church...
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... kingdom; however, the main administration is carried out by a group of ministers headed by the Prime minister (Rowen, 2013).
The 19th century Dutch kingdom also has a major impact on the immigration process. The people have been migrating to countries such as UK and Germany (Rowen, 2013). The old wars between the Catholics, Protestants and the Jews in the kingdom have led to the introduction of new policies in the present era to maintain a religious tolerance between the groups. The wars have come to an end between the religious communities and the country operates with cooperation and peace between various communities (Rowen, 2013). The Dutch kingdom is one of the economically strongest countries of the world and strives to maintain its position by implementing the old orders with a new regime. Thus, the Dutch kingdom is a classic example of the modern kingdoms.
During the period between 1500 and 1700 different Protestant ideals and religions such as the views of Luther, Henry VIII, and Calvinism reflected varying degrees of closeness between church and state. Luther's views of the state being above the church represented a distance between the church and state that many other Protestant religions at the time did not have. Henry VI and Calvinism on the other hand, intertwined the church and state so that their relationship was much closer. Calvinism went much further than just intertwining church and state though; it became a complete combination: the church working as state.
The period 1550 to 1660 was a period of extreme dislocation and major change, within which saw periods boom and bust in various regions across Europe. This was followed by a much quieter period in the later 17th century that most economic historians would call recessionary. Along with the religious consequences of the Reformation and Counter Reformation came deep and lasting political changes. Northern Europe’s new religious and political freedoms came at a great cost, with decades of rebellions, wars and bloody
Luther, Zwingli, the Anabaptists and the Roman Catholics all had their conflicting views. There some similarities, but mostly these four groups disagreed upon many subjects. Some of which were the topics of, communion, baptism, the relationship between church and state and lastly the form of worship.
The New Monarchy began in England after the end of civil wars (1485), the Wars of the Roses, when Henry VII acquired the throne by force, thus instituting the dynasty of the Tudors. Henry VII passed laws to increase his power such as laws against “livery and maintenance”, which is when a lord maintained a private army that wore their own insignia or emblem. He also used his royal council as a court to maintain public peace. This royal council met in a roo...
Between 1650 and 1713, the Dutch Republic faced many challenges to it's security, unity and prosperity. In these years, the Dutch Republic faced a decline in trade, increased debt, crushing military defeats and a skeptical, divided society, all of which threatened the vitality of the Republic.
Prior to the 1650’s, the Dutch Republic was the wealthiest and most powerful province in Holland through Amsterdam, the leading force in trade and banking. Many European nations were jealous of their success and wanted it for themselves which resulted in conflicts between the Dutch and many European powers. As a result, the Dutch Republic entered a period of decline until the Peace of Utrecht of 1713. The expensive wars with England and France, decline in trade and distrust between the Dutch provinces led to challenges in security, unity and prosperity of the Republic.
After witnessing the Dutch Republic’s rise in becoming a dominating controller of European trade, other countries in the area were eager to be a part of the success – even if that meant using force. England attacked the Dutch in three Anglo-Dutch Wars between 1652 and 1674, according to Document 3. Compared to the five hundred English ships that the Dutch seized, the English took approximately two thousand Dutch ships. This loss to Dutch merchant shipping would not be easily recovered. It is clear by the battle markers shown in Document 1 that many English Battles for economic influence occurred near trade routes. Everyone was desperate for a chance to get in on the profitable trade. France even allied with England in the Treaty of Dover (Document 6) so that the “allied sovereigns [could] then jointly declare war on the Dutch Republic…” As an official treaty, Document 6 is a clear insight into the true and blatant violent intentions of the other nations to take out the Dutch Republic’s power in order to increase their own. It was strategic partner to take out the Dutch before they absorbed all the trade power – a win-win for the England and France. At the Amsterdam City Council, people were obviously biased toward the Dutch side of the war. However, their opinion that “other kings seem more and more to scheme how to ruin wh...
At the top of this government was the royal family, headed by a king. They had a hierarchy throughout the land, and maintained control through the use of their army.
The period immediately following the Protestant reformation and the Catholic counter reformation, was full of conflict and war. The entire continent of Europe and all of it's classes of society were affected by the destruction and flaring tempers of the period. In the Netherlands, the Protestants and the Catholics were at eachother’s throats. In France it was the Guise family versus the Bourbons. In Bohemia, the religious and political structures caused total havoc for over thirty years; and in England, the Presbyterians thought that the English Anglican Church too closely resembled the Roman Catholic Church. Religion was the major cause of the widespread turmoil that took place throughout Europe between 1560 and 1660.
The traces of the split can be seen nearly five hundred years ago during the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. During King Henry VIII’s rule, Henry had wanted a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne Boleyn. When the Pope would refuse to allow a divorce between Catherine and Henry, Henry would decide to start his own church so that he could be in a position of power to proceed with the divorce. This church would become the Church of England. Through this radical break away from the social norm, Henry VIII would be remembered as a man who would go to great lengths to get what he wanted. This break would also signify the beginning of the Protestant Reformation across Europe. This event marks the first time that two groups are seen as a national friend and foe recognition. As Bartlett notes, “By the 1570’s loyal and disloyal ...
Within 1650 to 1713 the Dutch Republic underwent a formidable transformation, which changed its status as a major influence in Europe. The Dutch Republic was a political union of seven provinces that was not only an impressive banking and commercial capital, but the Dutch also had a great navy as well. Additionally, the center of flourishment in the Dutch Republic was Amsterdam, which was the foremost trading and banking center in all of Europe. The changing environment of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries forced the Dutch Republic into a position of conflict and unbalance, which proved detrimental to their country as a whole. One of the first challenges to the Dutch Republic dealt with military and how countries, such as the English, wanted to snatch the Dutch’s profitable sea trade routes for themselves. As a result of military conflicts, the Dutch Republic’s economy decreased as a whole due to the fact that wars burdened the previously flourishing trade routes and wealthy cities. Another challenge to the Dutch Republic was unity and how Dutch cities began to doubt other provinces of loyalty to one another, which destroyed most efforts of unification for retaliation against the countries attacking the Dutch. Overall, the major decline of the Dutch Republic was a great example of when one part of a nation goes down, the rest of the nation followed suit.
Within a century, the Reformation started by Martin Luther had spread across Europe in several different forms. The protest of one German monk spread quickly throughout Europe in Germany, Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. Within these regions, three prominent strands of Protestantism can be detected: Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism. Although Lutheranism and Anabaptism were fairly homogeneous in and of themselves, Calvinism was more diverse since it influenced various forms of Christianity included Protestantism in Switzerland, the Netherlands, and England. This paper will trace the developments and doctrines of Lutheranism to Calvinism and Anabaptism. First, Lutheranism will be shown to be a protest of Martin
Netherlands in the 17th and 18th century, as opposed to the decline of Spain and Italy, to their Protestant faith. This is the essence of the Reformation: Man is in his very nature destined to be free. In fact, the weightiest import that the bible has become the basis of the Christian Church: henceforth each individual enjoys the right of deriving instruction for himself from it. and of directing his conscience in accordance with it. These results are robust to a wide array of alternate specifications, and are confirmed by an instrumental variables strategy.
Being German-American is a very personal thing. We want and we find external independence here, a free middle-class way of life, uninhibited progress in industrial development, in short, political freedom. To this extent we are completely American. We build our houses the way Americans do, but inside there is a German hearth that glows. We wear an American hat, but under its brim German eyes peer forth from a German face. We love our wives with German fidelity. . . We live according to what is customary in America, but we hold dear our German customs and traditions. We speak English, but we think and feel in German. Our reason speaks with the words of an Anglo-American, but our hearts understand only our mother tongue. While our eyes are fixed on an American horizon, in our souls the dear old German sky arches upward. Our entire emotional lives are, in a word, German, and anything that would satisfy our inner longing must appear in German attire [Cincinnati Volksfreund, Nov. 13, 1 848]. (Adams)
A difference between their teachings, however, were on how they viewed the Eucharist. Luther believed that the bread and wine were the literal body and blood of Christ, whereas Zwingli saw them as a spiritual conception. Calvin and Luther both saw scripture, not hierarchy, as the basic authority for the Christians. They believed in the use of the local language in religious services and studies. They differed on their view of the Eucharist as well. Calvin insisted that communion provided the way for faith to awaken, not the bread and wine. Another issue came up between the two. Luther believed that separation between state and church was possible, but Calvin desired a theocracy, so that no state could claim church power. These differences separated the Protestant movement politically and theologically, and different affiliations formed, hindering the movement with its different ideas, eventually leading to half of the converted going back to the Catholic