The discovery and widespread usage of composite materials has opened new doors in the manufacturing industry. Composites are materials composed of two or more different materials. The new material has distinct and superior structural properties than the individual component materials. The most ancient composite is adobe, which consists of straw reinforced clay and was commonly used as a building material [1]. Modern composites consist of a woven fiber, which reinforces a plastic polymer shell. Two major examples of modern composites are fiberglass and carbon fiber. Carbon fiber is a very new composite material and has a more recent history than materials such as steel and aluminum. Its origins can be traced to 1879, when Thomas Edison patented the usage of carbon filaments in electric lamps [2]. …show more content…
In a relatively short period of time, carbon fiber revolutionized the manufacturing industry due to its low weight and superb structural properties. Carbon fiber is a composite material. Composite carbon fiber is composed of a woven carbon fiber which reinforces a polymer resin (usually epoxy) [3]. The carbon fibers themselves are polymers of graphite (which has a hexagonal sheet structure) rolled into a thin filament [2]. The tensile strength (resistance to tearing from being pulled) and Young’s Modulus (force required to stretch or compress a material) are extremely high in relation to the fiber’s weight. The internal strength of carbon fiber lies in the structure of the weave and the impact resistance comes from the hard plastic polymer shell. This paper will focus on the production process of Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon fiber, the applications of carbon fiber in industry, and the future applications of this revolutionary
The Carbonization process used to create carbon fiber is called pyrolysis, which uses nitrogen gas and heat as a catalyst to increase the vibrational energy of atoms. The pyrolysis breaks the bonds between carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms as well as the bonds between carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. As a result, the polymer structures formed during cross-links stabilization is converted into hexagonal carbon structures. Non carbon atoms such as oxygen, and nitrogen are removed as gas through the atmosphere. The final carbon content is over 90 % after carbonization and the temperature range of carbonization is from 900 to 1600 °C in an inert atmosphere. Heat treatment, optimum tension, completion of the reactions, and keep the molecular orientation of the precursor fiber are vital variables to produce a crystalline structure aligned more perfectly and improve the tensile strength of the
English Composition II has unexpectedly improved my writing into an academic level. As I studied various English reading and writing courses, this class “English Composition II” did not immediately caught my eye. However as I researched about the concepts of this class, the decision to make was not so difficult since I was lacking in critical thinking and the interpretation of works. Also as a Business Major, it made sense that the subject of English would be of interest to me and as a career requirement. During the first weeks, I thought that I would be fully prepared for this course after taking an accelerated course in English during the spring semester. However, after attending class for about a month, I certainly did not expect to learn an entirely new process of writing
A group of polymer chains can be organised together in a fiber. How the polymer chains are put together is important, as it improves the properties of the material. The flexibility, strength and stiffness of Kevlar fiber, is dependent on the orientation of the polymer chains. Kevlar fiber is an arrangement of molecules, orientated parallel to each other. This orderly, untangled arrangement of molecules is described as a “Crystalline Structure”. A manufacturing process known as ‘Spinning’ is needed to achieve this Crystallinity structure. Spinning is a process that involves forcing the liquefied polymer solution through a ‘die’ (small holes).
The Raft of the Medusa is an oil painting by French artist Théodore Gèricault. This painting depicts the wreck of the French ship “The Méduse”, which crashed off the coast of Mauritania on July 5, 1816. Which caused the death of 147 people. The remaining 30 sailors were set adrift on a raft they constructed.The remaining sailors survived on the raft for only a few days eventually resorting to cannibalism in till they eventually died. The crash of the Méduse became a symbol of the incompetence of the French monarchy. Following the French revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte took power. The was outset by the sixth coalition and King Louis XVI blood line was restored to power in France. The in after two years of power, the failure of “The Méduse” turned popular opinion back against the royal family who was once again overthrown from two 13 years later. Painter Théodore Gèricault did his best to use compassion to capture complete the shire hopelessness, and doom felt that day by the sailors that day.
Despite the world being full of diverse people with varying accomplishments and skill sets, people oftentimes assume the qualities and traits of an individual based purely on the stereotypes set forth by society. Although these stereotypes are unavoidable, an individual can be liberated, empowered and ultimately overcome these stereotypes by obtaining an advanced education.
In their articles, Maltzman and Sigelman, as well as Hill and Hurley, explored the connection between a representative speech giving in Washington as a means of representing their constituency. The advent and permeation of mass media and connectivity to political events into American society raises the question of whether or not representatives can use their media presence to represent their constituency? Social media and news access provide representatives with an outlet to express empathy, demographic identification, and policy platform. Has the ability of a representative to broadcast their symbolic representation and policy through mass media significantly change the representational strategies of modern representatives from the strategies of their predecessors? The opportunity to connect with a constituency through mass media could provide a representative with the privilege of representing from Washington without the need to connect at home to the same degree as their predecessors.
...d her about her faith before she was shot, but that was later found to be illegit. They are not exactly sure what motivated the shooters to do this, but some believe that the boys were targeting christians and racially diverse people.
Multiple essays have been formulated during the duration of Composition 1. These essays have taught me an important lesson about my writing, failure is acceptable in order to grow. On the other hand, I made an important discovery last year that I want to study journalism and advance further in that field after college. From taking journalism classes, to blogging in my spare time, to always getting an A on my papers, I thought I had no room to improve. I was mistaken. Therefore, because of the rigorous essay work each essay brought, I learned more about how to write different pieces and grow from my “failure”.
ABSTRACT: This article is a portion of a comprehensive study on carbon fibre reinforced plastics. The thermal behaviour and dynamic and tensile mechanical properties of polypropylene carbon fibres composites are discussed. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic is similar to fibre glass which is woven into a textile material and resin such as epoxy resin is applied and allowed to cure. The resulting material is very strong and has the best strength to weight ratio of all construction materials. It is an improvement on glass fibre-reinforced plastic, although much more expensive. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers tend to be used in the manufacture of expensive sports cars, where strong and light materials are required. Expensive, competition bicycles
“Some people would argue that many professional athletes are overpaid because of how much money they seem to be making; however there exists consequences to working in such a high-paying career field. The first point to consider is that their salary is based on supply and demand. They have a high entertainment value in our society, and are simply supplying our demand for entertainment. Not only do they meet our demand for entertainment, they also contribute more funds to our government because they pay higher taxes than the average American white-collar and blue-collar worker. The last, and maybe the most important, point to consider is that their job requires that they continuously risk their health and their career every in general”
Television has affected every aspect of life in society, radically changing the way individuals live and interact with the world. However, change is not always for the better, especially the influence of television on political campaigns towards presidency. Since the 1960s, presidential elections in the United States were greatly impacted by television, yet the impact has not been positive. Television allowed the public to have more access to information and gained reassurance to which candidate they chose to vote for. However, the media failed to recognize the importance of elections. Candidates became image based rather than issue based using a “celebrity system” to concern the public with subjects regarding debates (Hart and Trice). Due to “hyperfamiliarity” television turned numerous people away from being interested in debates between candidates (Hart and Trice). Although television had the ability to reach a greater number of people than it did before the Nixon/Kennedy debate, it shortened the attention span of the public, which made the overall process of elections unfair, due to the emphasis on image rather than issue.
“I can’t think of a case where poems changed the world, but what they do is change people’s understanding of what’s going on in the world.” This marvelous quote was well thought by the splendid British author Seamus Justin Heaney, born on April 13, 1939, in CastleDawson, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, and died in August 30, 2013, in Dublin. He was the first son of the marriage of Patrick Heaney and Margaret Kathleen McCann. But, how does he decide to become a poet? “Writers would say his interest in language began when he was younger and his mother introduced him the different parts of speech.”. Subsequently, the committee of the Nobel Prize, recognized Heaney as winner of the prestigious Nobel Prize in Literature in 1995. The astonishing
There are many commercially produced composites used polymer matrix material. There are many different polymers available depending on the raw ingredients. There are some broad categories, and each with numerous variations. The most common used are known as vinyl, polyester, polypropylene, epoxy, polyimide, and others. The reinforcement m...
Fiber architecture of composite properties usually revolves around the fiber geometry, packing arrangement, fiber orientation, and fiber volume fraction that in particular influencing their mechanical properties. The topmost being fiber volume fraction (Vf) which without doubt single handedly steers most mechanical properties that increases with increasing Vf up to a certain point. The geometry of
Carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer (CFRP) is a composite polymer made up of carbon fibers and a binding polymer. The binding polymer can be a thermoset resin or thermoplastic polymer(s). Examples of thermoplastic polymers that can bind with carbon fiber to make CFRP are polyester, nylon, or vinyl ester. A thermoset resin that can combine with the carbon fiber to make CFRP is epoxy. The combination of the carbon fibers and a thermoset resin or thermoplastic polymer producing CFRP results in a light weight fiber-reinforced plastic that is tremendously strong. Depending on the binding polymer, CFPRs have a wide range of applications and are used when a light weight material with high rigidity and strength are required.