The Differences Between Different Memory Models
Brief Outlines:
Memory is a system, which is a vital to our survival. For
psychologists, memory cares processes called:
« Encoding, whereby incoming information is changed into a form that
the system can cope with.
« Storage, for a particular length of time in a particular form, in a
store with a certain capacity.
« Retrieval, i.e. getting information out of a memory store.
Atkinson + Shifrins idea was theMultistore model.
Atkinson + Shifrin suggest that memory is made up of a series of
stores as shown above, the stores differ in their encoding, storage +
retrieval characteristics.
Short term sensory store.
« Information help as a sensation
« Lasts 1-4 seconds
« Capacity 5-9 items
« Information lost as sensory image fades.
Sperling (1960) believed that information in the short term sensory
store is held as a sensation, e.g. a visual stimulus is held as a
visual image. To demonstrate this he showed participants three rows of
four mixed numbers and consonants for a brief time, and then played
them a tone (high, medium or low) to prompt them to recall the top
middle or bottom line. Participants could do this easily if they
recalled immediately but the image faded rapidly, lasting no more that
one-quarter of a second. In the way, Sperling was also able to show
that the short-term sensory store hold 5-9 items.
Short term memory.
« Lasts up to 30 seconds
« Capacity 7+2 items
« Information lost through interference or decay.
« Holds information as images, sounds or meanings.
Information selected for further processing passes fr...
... middle of paper ...
...e material to be
remembered. If we learn something in a particular context we are more
likely to recall it in that context than in a different one regardless
of how deeply we processed it.
« Personal Relevance - Rogers et al (1977) found that participants
whop processed words in terms of whether they applied to them in some
way (e.g. Do you own one of these? PARROT) remembered them even more
than semantically processed words
All of the different memory models have had some kind of proof to back
them up, however in most of them it does not completely explain it,
e.g. working memory model. Most of the models and theories have been
created to try and find and answer and minimise the problems with the
other theories however none of them have managed to do this and all
have their own problems and questionable ideas.
...Baddeley (1966) study of encoding in the short term memory and long term memory supports the MSM model on the mode of processing such that words are processed on recall and both models share the same opinion that processing does influence recall. Finally, the MSM model of memory states that all information is stored in the long term memory, however, this interpretation contrasts with that of Baddeley (1974) who argue that we store different types of memories and it is unlikely that they occur only in the LTM store. Additionally, other theories have recognised different types of memories that we experience, therefore it is debatable that all these different memories occur only in the long-term memory as presumed by the multi-store model which states the long term memory store as with unlimited capacity, in addition it also fails to explain how we recall information.
Human memory is flexible and prone to suggestion. “Human memory, while remarkable in many ways, does not operate like a video camera” (Walker, 2013). In fact, human memory is quite the opposite of a video camera; it can be greatly influenced and even often distorted by interactions with its surroundings (Walker, 2013). Memory is separated into three different phases. The first phase is acquisition, which is when information is first entered into memory or the perception of an event (Samaha, 2011). The next phase is retention. Retention is the process of storing information during the period of time between the event and the recollection of a piece of information from that event (Samaha, 2011). The last stage is retrieval. Retrieval is recalling stored information about an event with the purpose of making an identification of a person in that event (Samaha, 2011).
Memory can be defined as the mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organising, altering and retrieving information (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). Many a time one is able to remember something, example how to drive a car, yet they are unable to remember a mathematical formula for an examination. People vary in their ability to remember certain things, and research conducted has proven that even infants differ in their memory abilities (Fagan & Singer, 1963). It was discovered by psychologists that memory is not static, but rather it is influenced by ones internal factors and situational happenings to a large effect (Huffman, Vernoy & Vernoy, 1997). This essay will attempt to discover which method of study is most suitable, by listing and explaining various memory strategies, as well as indicating how each method will improve memory efficiency. The process of memory is made up of three operations. The first being Encoding, this is the conversion of information into a form which enables it to be retained in memory (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). The second operation is called Storage, this is the keeping of information until it is later needed. The third and final operation is known as Retrieval, and this is the recovering of information from Storage (Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus & Wagenaar, 2009). These formerly mentioned operations each represent a stage in the process of memory (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012).
Memory is an important and active system that receives information. Memory is made up of three different stages sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. According to the power point presentation, sensory memory refers to short storage of memory that allows an individual to process information as it occurs. Short term memory refers to memory that is only available for a limited time. It is information that is held for seconds or sometimes even minutes. Long term memory refers to memory that is stored for a long period of time and it has an unlimited capacity with the ability to hold as much information as possible. Retrieval is key and it allows individuals to have memories. Episodic memory refers to memory for events that we
One hundred and forty two undergraduate students participated in a levels-of-processing experiment on the basis of Craik & Tulving’s (1975) famous model. Participants were presented with shallow, intermediate or semantic words within 60 judgment trials, followed by a recognition test of 120 trials containing half of the original words. The findings suggest that participants recognized the semantic words better compared to the shallow and intermediate words; this proposes that by the use of attention, semantic processing leads to a stronger memory trace. Possible explanations and future research regarding levels of processing are discussed.
Memory is a group of related mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information (Hockenberry and Hocenberry page 232). I will be addressing two specific types of memory: short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory holds temporary information transferred from sensory memory or long-term memory. Sensory memory is the first stage of memory and obtains information for a brief amount of time. Short-term memory is also called active memory and is stored in the prefrontal cortex which is the most active part of the brain during an activity. Short-term memory can hold information for roughly twenty seconds, but sensory memory holds information for a shorter amount of time. We usually store things such
Memory is one of the most puzzling parts of the brain. How can our brain store
Semantic memory is our knowledge about the world and language and how it can be seen as our internal dictionary and encyclopedia together as one entity. Throughout its origins, semantic memory has been compared to episodic memory. In contrast, episodic memory refers to knowledge that is temporary or spatial, which is identified in the terms of personal experiences. Within these two systems there are many different models. I am going to discuss Eleanor Rosch's prototype approach feature comparison model, Anderson’s ACT-R model, the Collins and Loftus’s network model, and the exemplar model. I will look to define each of the models through characterization methods, discuss problems within each model, and also explain which model I like the most.
Email, lettre, disc... The memory acts in the same way and info are supported by specific codes: sensorial codes, motor codes and symbolic codes. A special memory exists to each different info: tactual, visual, auditory and olfactory but these codes don’t have the same importance. Visual and auditory codes are the most important codes because they are the primary means of language in the memory. The auditory code is concerned with longer times than the visual one. (You remember longer a sequence of letters if you hear them than if you see them).
Furthermore this article expands upon this subcategory of memory by describing the two types of tasks involved with it: verbal-production ta...
The nature of memory can be explained as a set of stages that are necessary but not sufficient for memory to have taken place. These involve "input" -registering or encoding information, where a memory trace is formed from translating the sensory data, "storage" which is either temporary or permanent and "output" which involves retrieval - memories would be useless unless they could be retrieved. It is these stages that form the fundamental characteristics of the process of memory and in order for this to occur it is necessary for the data to become engaged in the memory structure. Memory structure can be separated into three distinct categories, sensory memory (input store) where the sensory data remains unchanged in the mind fo...
This essay will firstly briefly describe the theories and important facts about the original multi-store model of memory (MSM) and the working memory model (WMM).
The topic within chapter eight that I found to be most interesting, was the subject that covered “The Cost of Memory Errors”. I found this to be the most intriguing topic, because the memories one possesses may, or may not contain false elements within the memory itself. It seems a little unsettling that one can increase, or take away elements from a memory for it to make since in one’s own mind. It leads one to wonder how the memories one possesses can be trusted to be completely accurate. How is it possible for a single memory to be remembered in different aspects?
Tulving, E. and Craik, F. (2000) The Oxford handbook of memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
What people do in daily life whether playing, reading information and attending an event are stores in the brain. All the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present is known as memory (Goldstein, 2008, 2011). Memory is a matter that people gain from experience and learning as it is use in human’s everyday life. It is one of the crucial cognitive processes that all people go through in life and it is involving the techniques of remembering and forgetting generally. Kandel (2006) stated that “remembering the past is a form of mental time travel, it frees people from limitation of time and space and allows people to move