A. The development of ground transport
In old days, before the wheel invention (pre-3000 B.C) people normally were carried the sick and wounded on the shoulder between two men or backs of friends or animals(MacDonald & Miller, 1989). Forced transports were used for those with mental disorders in ancient time, however, one of the earliest uses of the wheel for patient transportation was constructed (circa 900 A.D.) by Anglo-Saxon, so they called it the Anglo-Saxon wagon hammock(Bell, 2009). This hammock was placed between two poles raised on a four wheeled platform(MacDonald & Miller, 1989). War wounded were most likely the primary stimuli for the development of ambulance systems. The English word ambulance comes from the French word “l’ambulance” which referred to a military “field hospital” that transported, received, and treated wounded soldiers(MacDonald & Miller, 1989).
In the seventh century during the Muslims conquests, the Muslim armies were reported to have had a mobile dispensary following them to treat wounded soldiers on the battlefield. In particular, one of the youngest Muslim woman at age of seventeen called Amin bint Qais was trained to lead a medical team in one of these early battles(Ingrams, 1983). Moreover, in the tenth century, doctors in Iraq were often assigned to mobile medical teams to treat those patients outside of the hospital, whether Muslim or non–Muslim(Crone, 2005). In the eleventh century, during the Crusades the Kinghts of St John set up different hospitals that played a significant role in accommodation poor and sick pilgrims on their arrival in the Holy Land(Nicholson, 2001).
Later in the eleventh century, the Norman horse litter was an improvement over the Anglo-Saxon wagon hammock, ...
... middle of paper ...
...The awakened : women in Iraq. London: Third World Centre.
Kater, N. M. (1952). Helicopter evacuation in Korea. The Medical Journal Of Australia, 2(11), 373-374.
MacDonald, M. G., & Miller, M. K. (1989). Emergency transport of the perinatal patient. Boston: Little, Brown.
Martin, T. (2006). Aeromedical transportation : a clinical guide. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate.
Martin, T. E. (2001). Handbook of patient transportation. London; San Francisco: Greenwich Medical Media.
Nicholson, H. J. (2001). The Knights Hospitaller. Woodbridge [u.a.: Boydell Press.
Parsons, C. J., & Bobechko, W. P. (1982). Aeromedical transport: its hidden problems. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 126(3), 237-243.
Tsai, S.-H., Chen, W.-L., & Chiu, W.-T. (2007). International aeromedical evacuation. The New England Journal Of Medicine, 356(16), 1685; author reply 1686-1687.
Ambulances, started to affect today’s modern health care after the Civil war. Ambulances are specially equipped motor vehicles. Ambulances carry sick, or injured people from the spot of their accident, to the closest hospital. Ambulances are part of the emergency medical services, EMS, which also includes helicopters, airplanes, and boats. Ambulances typically have room for one or more people. Ambulances can also hold many medical personnel and medical supplies.
Tien, Homer. “The Canadian Forces trauma care system.” Canadian Journal of Surgery 54 (2011): 112-117.
For much of the United States’ history, problems with private hospitals refusing to treat people without financial means and transferring them to public hospitals existed. Many patients who were in serious medical crisis did not survive the journey or many died soon after. This proved that these transfers can be detrimental to the emergency victim’s health.
“Medicine in the Middle Ages.” Lords and Ladies. Lords and Ladies, n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2014.
In the mid eleventh century, a group of people devoted to taking care of the sick came together to form one of the greatest brotherhoods of the Middle Ages. They named themselves the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, more commonly referred to as the Knights Hospitaller. They named themselves after Saint John the Hospitaller. These knights devoted their time and lives to the care and protection of the ill and dying during the twelfth century. The Hospitallers took in people of all illnesses, except those with leprosy due to safety reasons, regardless of their age, race or sexuality. Not even a century later, in 1113 Pope Paschal II recognized the Knights Hospitaller in a Papal bull (bill). As the years passed, the Knights Hospitaller soon transformed from a group that cared for the sick, into “one of the most effective fighting forces of the Middle Ages.” Although the Knights Hospitaller cared for the sick and defended the people, did these righteous people continue their great service, or did they turn on their vows and become corrupt like many organizations before them.
It was during this time that doctors and nurses, through experience also demonstrated that blood could be stored and then safely transferred from patient to patient saving countless soldiers’ lives.
Many of the medical practices and innovations did not originate from Rome itself however the Romans can be accredited with being the first army to use field hospitals during their campaigns. Befor...
Cashman, J. (2000). Emergency Response to Chemical and Biological Agents. Boca Raton, FL. Lewis Publishers.
Have you ever wondered sitting on a chair at the height of 45,000 feet is safest way to travel? Yes, travelling through airplane is seven times safer than travelling through car and even walking on roads. But, though it is safest way, but it doesn’t mean that it is most comfortable and friendly way.
In conclusion, I believe that by educating ourselves on the Muslim culture we can gain a better understanding of their needs. Knowing that we must not only address the physical aspect of care but also the spiritual aspect when caring for a Muslim patient will lead to a positive patient experience. Involving the family as much as possible will help further effective communication and help us acquire the insight we need to meet their health care expectations.
In the early 1860’s, the first field ambulance and attendant was created by the United States. The first recorded use of the ambulance and attendant was during the civil war. Both sides tried to make their medical practices equal, if not better than what was used in the Napoleonic Wars. But due to the lack of funding, government support, and personnel dedication, these attempts failed. In 1864, at the Geneva Conventions, an agreement was made that the European countries would recognize the neutrality of hospitals and ambulances so that the sick and wounded,...
“Summary Report for: 29-2041.00 - Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedic.” O*Net. 2008. Web. 18 Feb. 2010.
Tevlin, J. (1999, November 21). Cabin pressure-the sky is the limit for millions of Americans who are afraid to fly. But a Northwest Airlines program helps people tame their terror. The Minneapolis Star Tribune: Newspaper of the Twin-Cities. p. 1E.
Being involved in an airplane accident is a nightmare scenario for any air travelers, crew and pilots alike. Statistically air travel is among the safest means of transport, but at the same time it is also associated with sporadic accidents that have proven to be extremely terrifying ordeals for all those involved due to a vast array of reasons. The causes of these accidents are of varying nature and depend on some problems that are originated during some stage of the flight process.
There are many inventions of the future that people either know or hope will happen and some inventions that people have never thought that would happen in this or the next lifetime. For instance, one piece of future technology that I believe may come to pass is the invention of flying cars. Since the time of being young and watching the Jetsons, many people have been waiting to see the first flying car. While bringing up the idea of a flying car to a lot of people would seem absurd or downright impossible to some, I actually believe that it is very much so possible to create given how far technology has come in the past few decades. I think that it is a very logical conclusion to assume that at some point in the future engineers, car makers, and others will start to pursue other alternatives to avoiding traffic jams and other problems on the road, and instead begin to examine the possibilities of taking to the air as an alternative solution. There is much talk about it over the internet and many people would like to try flying cars. While it would greatly improve traffic for those that prefer staying on the ground, it may prove dangerous in the beginning because of accidents in the air with other cars, planes, trees, and buildings. Some would say though, that the convenience would outweigh the risks because there would not be traffic jams, or detours because of road work. These cars would need something like a GPS system and an anti-wrecking system so people would not run into each other or other objects (How Flying Cars Will Work).