The Definition of Periodisation
Periodisation
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Anderson (1997) offers us a simple definition of periodisation he says
that it
‘simply means the division of your overall training into periods which
accomplish different goals’
Wilmore and Costill (1994) interestingly define the term with
reference to overtraining, they define periodisation in their glossary
as ‘Varying the training stimulus over discrete periods of time to
prevent overtraining’.
Overtraining and Associated Definitions
Fry et al (1991) provides us with the following definitions:
Overload training:
The process of stressing an individual to provide a stimulus for
adaptation and supercompensation.
Training fatigue/stress:
Is the normal fatigue experienced following several days of heavy
training associated with overload stimulus. Fatigue is reversed and
supercompensation achieved within the last few days of a reduced
training period.
Overtraining:
Is the general term which indicates that the individual has been
stressed by training and extraneous stressors to the extent that he/
she can not perform at an optimum level following an appropriate
recovery period. A drop in performance is necessary for overtraining
diagnosis.
Overreaching:
Follows the intentional or unintentional induction of short term
overtraining. The symptoms of overreaching can be reversed with a
longer than usual recovery period.
Overtraining syndrome:
Is the state of chronically depressed performance accompanied by one
or more of the more serious symptoms. The overtraining syndrome will
require a significantly longer recovery period than is required with
overreaching.
Training stressors:
Are those resulting from the physical, physiological and psychological
stress induced by the training workload from overload training.
Extraneous stressors:
Those resulting from activities and psychological forces related to
lifestyle.
Supercompensation:
A state of heightened work capacity, above that of which the athlete
has recently been capable.
Training Cycles
Microcycle
Commonly as ‘simply a number of training sessions which form a
recurrent unit’ (Anderson 1998).
These microcycles typically last a number of days, a week is common
The data collected during this experiment has shown that a relationship likely exists between the rate of muscle fatigue and the time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitive movements. This is likely due to a build-up of lactic acid and lactate as a result of anaerobic respiration occurring to provide energy for the muscle cell’s movement. As the pH of the cell would have been lowered, the enzymes necessary in the reactions would likely not be working in their optimum pH range, slowing the respiration reactions and providing an explanation to why the average number of repetitions decreased as the prior amount of exercise increased.
Muscle fatigue is a decline in ability of a muscle to generate force within any part of the body. Muscular fatigue is a particular response when it comes to an untrained athlete that is starting an intense workout program, and the muscles of the body is not able to respond in an orderly manner as it would respond to an elite athlete. This paper will focus and provide general information about recent studies on peripheral fatigue. Peripheral fatigue is one of the sites for possible fatigue and its where neural, mechanical, or energetic events can hamper tension development. Neural fatigue is a factor of peripheral fatigue, which occurs when the nerves are unable to generate a signal and this reduces the ability of the muscle fiber to contract which is considered to be metabolic fatigue. Neural factors deals with the movement of action potential going through a process to produce a muscle contraction and when this process does not go through the proper steps then fatigue set in because the muscles will not be able to contract. Neural fatigue has two main factors which is, a shortage of...
What is conjugate periodization? Periodization is a term which is used to describe the long-term management of training to make the most advantageous (peak) performance. In layman’s term, periodization refers to the separation of a training regimen into different training block, with every block concentrating on particular, pre-determined athletic traits. Whether you are a pickup basketball player interested in dunking, a sprinter wanting to improve speed or a power lifter looking for a boost in strength, incorporating this training technique will let you develop all the essential strengths without losing back in other athletic traits. Since lifters have varying body types, they may do extremely
6. Mike, Jonathan N., M.S., and Len Kravitz, Ph.D. (2009). "Recovery in Training: The Essential
ABSTRACT: Imre Lakatos' "methodology of scientific research programs" and Alasdair MacIntyre's "tradition-constituted enquiry" are two sustained attempts to overcome the assumptions of logical empiricism, while saving the appearance that theory-change is rational. The key difference between them is their antithetical stand on the issue of incommensurability between large-scale theories. This divergence generates other areas of disagreement; the most important are the relevance of the historical record and the presence of decision criteria that are common to rival programs. I show that Lakatos' rejection of the incommensurability thesis and dismissal of actual history are motivated by the belief that neither are compatible with the rationality of theory-change. If MacIntyre can deny the necessity of dispensing with the historical record, and show that incommensurability and the consequent absence of shared decision criteria are compatible with rationality in theory-change, then Lakatos' argument will lose its force, and MacIntyre will better honor the intention to take seriously the historicality of science. I argue that MacIntyre can dissolve tensions between incommensurability and rationality in theory-change if he is able, first, to distinguish a sense of the incommensurability thesis that preserves genuine rivalry between theories, and second, to show that the possibility of rationality in theory-change depends not on the presence of common decision criteria, but on the fact that traditions can fail by their own standards. After reconstructing and examining the argument, I conclude that the notion of a tradition's "internal failure" is coherent, but that it leaves crucial questions about the epistemology and ontology of traditions that must be answered if MacIntyre's proposal is to constitute a genuine improvement on Lakatos.
A significant reason we so easily believe in myths is because of our brain’s predisposition to make things simpler. Our hectic lives distract us from distinguishing what is meaningful and what is not. This allows our minds to “trick” us into thinking something with absolutely no meaning at all has all of the meaning in the world. This is called patternicity and most likely comes from an evolutionarily, adaptive tendency. An example would be if someone was to eat a specific food and then get sick soon after. They would relate the sickness to that food and avoid it for some time. It doesn’t matter if the food was the actual cause of sickness or if it was just a coincidence. This comes from Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning and is called stimulus generalization.
...individuals; this is further supported by the ACSM guidelines (Ratamess et al., 2009). Willardson et al.’s (2008) research can be applied to Mr Hards programme as subjects had a wealth of strength training experience; they do however highlight that rest periods can vary depending on individual training age, level and goals. To conclude if the training difficulty is not increased at a point, no further gains in the specific muscle groups (Quads/hamstrings, Gastrocnemius/Soleus and Gluteus). Therefore to progressively overload targeted muscles groups contains increasing total training volume by increasing number of sets or repetitions and rest periods. More importantly these changes must be implemented steadily to allow sufficient time for physiological adaptations, due to these factors total training volume should be made in small amount of 2.5% to 5% (ACSM, 2002).
It was a beautiful Saturday evening when I decided to walk the neighborhood known as the melting pot of many diverse cultures and social groups. South Street, located in the city of Philadelphia, is home of over 400 different small shops, restaurants, and galleries. Unlike other neighborhoods, South Street isn’t spread over numerous blocks, instead, it takes up one long street that is miles long. This lively and vibrant neighborhood sure does have a personality of its own and examples of modernity are shown throughout this Philadelphia neighborhood in very distinct ways.
While sociologists have often studied social change, Max Weber was particularly focused on understanding the progression of rationalization. Many of his works detail his analysis of the growth of rationality in the Western world, as well as the development of bureaucracies as a sign of this process. Although his argument that the modern world is marked by an increase in both does provide a valuable and multifaceted view, it does have its problems. Namely, Weber’s conceptualization of rationality fails to properly separate the different forms, which weakens his subsequent argument on the growth of rationality. In contrast, Weber is highly effective in determining the characteristics of bureaucracies, which allows for a strong discussion on increasing bureaucratization.
According to Tomas Kuhn, “normal science means research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice” (Pajares ). The achievements that Kuhn defines as paradigms help the scientific community develop a scientific method to resolve puzzles. Particular puzzles that paradigms fail to solve and eventually lead to paradigm shifts are called anomalies. Since Kuhn first introduces the relations of these three terms to philosophy of science in “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,” scientific communities have improved their understandings of science and society. By describing two different paradigms of Paley and Lamarck on organic change in the early nineteenth century, Kuhn’s paradigms can further demonstrate its efficient way to articulate scientific assumptions and understand the scientific change.
When I begin my career as an athletic trainer , I would like to primarly focus on young adults to adults in the world of sports from the ages of eighteen to thirty . Stress reduction is important for all different types of individuals. We all go through stress but how we cope with it can be the biggest factor for one's mental wellness. For young adults around the college age of eighteen, stress can play a big part in their success through college. College athletes will generally be put through the ringer when it comes to stress more so then their peers. It can be pretty difficult balancing personal life , school work and practice while trying to remain mentally/physically healthy. That balancing act can lead to a major stressful break down
Overexerting the body too much can lead to problems such as heart failure, unnatural weight loss and increases dehydration. “Your levels of cortisol, or stress hormones, tend to increase. It is possible to experience a decrease in testosterone levels, which can have negative consequences for men and women alike. You may also find yourself suffering from a weakened immune system, which can lead to frequent illness.” (The Side Effects of Excessive Exercise Erica Perna 2012) A weakened immune system could lead to catching very dangerous illnesses that could lead to death. She also explains a symptom called Overtraining syndrome which is resulted from extreme exercising and how it mentally affects the body. “If you are not feeling your usual excitement for your fitness regimen or sport, or if you do not feel mentally prepared for exercise or competition, you could be experiencing the psychological effects of overtraining syndrome. You might also experience sleep disturbances, or feel drowsy during the day and unable to rest at night. Similarly, you might feel excessive fatigue, apathy, irritability or hostility.” (The Side Effects of Excessive Exercise Erica Perna 2012) The body cannot handle too much stress or it could lead to a complete shutdown and in worse cases death. We must understand the limitations and make sure to not overdue and form of