The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000
Introduction
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For my module computing I have to find research and produce detailed report on freedom of information and the need for security. The information commissioner’s office enforces and oversees the Data
Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000.
I need to read and understand knowledge respecting private lives of individuals and encourage the openness and accountability of public authorities. In the report my aims and objectives will be to cover the following aspects:
- What is Data Protection Act 1998 and identify and describe 8 principles. - What is the Freedom Information Act 2000 and how does it build on the Data Protection Act
- Privacy and Electronic Communication (EC Directive) Regulation 2003 came into force 11th December 2003. The Information Commissioner’s office mission how does he intend the directive to operate to work in
UK.
The completion of the report needs to be produced and handed in by
Friday 30th April 2004.
Executive Summary
In this report It will cover all aspects of freedom if information and the need of security covering the Data Protection Act 1998 and the eight essential principles. By promoting good information handling practice and enforcing data protection and freedom legislation and by seeking the influences national and international thinking on privacy of information on medical records.
Analysis
1.0 What is Data Protection Act (1998), 8 essential principles?
Data is facts of any kind, whether in number or verbal form. Although this is the correct explanation business people are inclined to use the terms to mean numerate information only.
Data refers to facts and figures in their raw state, which have still to be processed. If you carry out a survey to count the number of cars and vans which pass your house each day, the number you write down are the data.
Every computer should be aware of the Data Protection Act. Every individual on a computer should register with Data Protection
Registrar. It is a criminal offence not to register and ignorance of the law is no defence. Once registered, data users must comply with the eight principles of the Data Protection Act (see below 1.1, Page
7).
The Data Protection Act, organisations which hold such information have to register with Data Protection and have to agre...
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...issioners office ‘What the regulation covers’ www.iformationcommissioner.gov.uk/eventual.aspx?id=94 26/04/2004 Page
1-2
[10] David Baumer, Privacy of Medical Records: it Implications of
HIPAA,2000,40-47, 19/4/2004
11 Anthony Browne, The observer, ‘Lives ruined as NHS leaks patients notes’ Sunday June 25 2000, 19/4/2004
[12] Nigel Hawkes, Times online ‘Patient records go on database’ July
21 2003, www.timesonline.co.uk/printfriendly/0,,1-2-751992-2,00.html
19/04/2004
[13] ‘Subject Access and Medical records: fees for access’ Data
Protection Act 1998, Compliance advice, 19/4/2004 www.informationcommissionersoffice.co.uk [14] Consumers Advice to safeguard your medical records, www.epic.org/privacy/medical/EPIC_principles.txt 19/04/2004
[15] Thomas C.Rindfleisch, ‘Privacy, information Technology, and
Health Care’, August 1997/Vol. 40, No.8, www.artn.nwu.edu/ 19/04/2004
[16] Computer Security Group, Personal Medical Information, Security,
Engineering and Ethics, 1995 -99, www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/Security/book-j/pmi96.html 19/04/2004
[17] Andrew Wall, The nursing Specialist Group ‘Private worries: public concerns’, March 1997 www.bcsnsg.org.uk/inftouch/vol3/wall.html
19/04/2004
Many teens think it is cool to drink so they can fit in, some even are pressured to drink and some even drive after drinking which causes more deaths and problems between a family. Teens often do not understand the effects of alcohol on the body and many people do not know how drinking occasionally has a good effect on the body. I truly believe that these problems will still continue as long as our society continues to look at drinking as a solution to their problems with little side effects or as an independent activity and it not being categorized as a drug. We must make an impact to change the attitudes and behavior patterns not only of teens, but the entire society.
Although I did not use this site as much as I used the other two
Luffman, G., Lea, E., Sanderson, S. and Kenny, B., 1996. Strategic Management: An Analytical Introduction. 3rd Ed. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Thompson, Arthur A., & Strickland, Alonzo J. 2003. Strategic management: concepts and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
The strategic management process implies sequential and interrelated activities, situation analysis (scanning and evaluating the current organizational content and internal environments), strategy formulation (developing and then choosing appropriate strategies), strategy implementation (putting strategies into action), and strategy evaluation (evaluating the implementation and outcome of strategies), leading to some outcome. These interrelated activities result in a set of strategies the organization uses in doing business. To manage strategically means to analyze the current situation, develop appropriate strategies, putting those strategies into action and then evaluating and changing those strategies as needed. The three main types of
The age of the internet has thrown some real challenges to Computer Misuse Act 1990. As per the Government changes to this part of legislation, to address the main two challenges a) the increased number of “Denial of Service” attacks b) the creation and dissemination of number of hackers and the tools used by them. The Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA) underwent minor changes a) The crime of un-authorized access to the material on the computer is now an offence that is liable to a judicial trial b) the offence of unauthorized material modification on the computer is now replaced by offence of unauthorized acts with intent to harm the operation of the device. Hacking has been a huge problem almost for the time Internet has been in existence. Most people just love to try and break into any computer system. Before 1990, there was no law to address the problems that are caused by hacking. Though everyone knew that it is against the law, nothing that anyone could do about it. As the issue grew, it has become evident that specific legislation was needed to prosecute the hackers under the law. Hacking seen morally as the breach of privacy. The act came into force on 29th August 1990
Kobe was established as a city in 1889 subject to which it was considered a designated city in Japan. Its location in the Osaka bay, which extends to the North Pacific Ocean, made it favourable link to external trade with the west (Tamura & National Library of Australia 2007). This made Kobe a cosmopolitan port city being Japan’s fourth busiest container port.
Northcentral University’s –Executive Concepts in Business Strategy (2011) defines strategic management as “the process by which a firm manages the formulation and implementation of a strategy” (p. 1628). A strong strategic management plan involves 9 key elements: 1) Marketing 2) Workforce and operational management 3) Organizational Structure 4) International operations 5) Financial Accounting Management 6) Compliance and Legal Considerations 7) Internal control and evaluation 8) Information technology 9) Leadership. These elements are essential to not only establishing a firm business plan but revisiting and restructuring the details of this plan often will prove pertinent to longevity of the business.
Strategic management can be portrayed as set of official activity and conclusions that aides in forming the long-run performance of the business. It is comprehensive of ecological examining, both internal and external environment, and strategy definition, execution of systems, evaluation and control forms (Hunger, 2003). From this time forward, strategic management highlights on the assessment and observing of the external dangers and prospects out of sight of association's internal potencies and shortcomings. Diverse researchers characterized strategic management in distinctive ways. According to Rumelt (1991), strategic management is a surge of decisions and activities, which prompts the advancement of a compelling strategy or techniques to help accomplish corporate goals. The strategic management procedure is the route in which strategists focus goals and settle on strategic decisions. He further recognized that strategic management's primary center is the accomplishment of
The privacy of the individual is the most important right. Without privacy, the democratic system that we know would not exist. Privacy is one of the fundamental values on which our country was founded. There are exceptions to privacy rights that are created by the need for defense and security.
Undergoing the process of strategic planning can go a long way in helping to ensure the survival and growth of an organization it seeks to eliminate the weaknesses of an organization and to confirm its strengths. It also analyses the environment and other factors that might affect the smooth running of an org and tries to rectify them accordingly and also to give the organization competitive advantage.
Strategic management is concerned with a set of decisions and actions intended to improve the long-run performance of an organization (Boddy, 2009). It draws from the company’s will to adapt and survive in varying external and internal environments. Strategic management incorporates rationalization, planning ahead, setting clear goals, designing logical structures and monitoring systems for efficiency. It helps to determine a model of investment of resources, time, effort and capital. Thus it is a plan to reduce uncertainty about the future and to choose viable and potential solutions for growth.
Strategic Management and Business Policy by Thomas L. Wheelen and J. David Hunger, Pearson Prentice Hall : Pearson Internation Edition (11th Edition), 2008.
The current business environment is very competitive. Only those companies that will employee efficient strategies will achieve success. Strategic management helps an entity to utilize its resources effectively achieve a cost advantage. A cost advantage plays a key role in ensuring that a company offers competitive product prices in the market. Basis of management comes from earlier thinking and books on strategy that date back to thousands of years ago (Ambrosini and Bowman, 2009). Strategic management refers to a continuous process of analysis, creation and monitoring strategic progress of an entity to ensure sustainability (Helmstetter, Cleveland, Evans and Galloway, 2002). Organizations formulate strategies in order to focus their energy to one direction to achieve superior performance. Ambrosini and Bowman (2009) indicate that strategic management and strategic planning mean the same thing except that the term strategic management is used in academic while strategic planning is used in the industry. According Hopkins, Mallette and Hopkins (2013, strategic management is essential in sustaining competitive advantage. Organizations need to sustain their competitive advantage in order to be ahead of their competitors. According to Ambrosini and Bowman (2009), companies which have competitive advantages, perform better financially than other companies in the industry, and they also perform better than the industry average. Strategic management is also important in viewing the organization as a whole.
The word ‘strategy’, deriving from the Greek noun strategus, meaning ‘commander in chief’, was first used in the English language in 1656. The development and usage of the word suggests that it is composed of stratos (army) and agein (to lead). In a management context, the word ‘strategy’ has now replaced the more traditional term – ‘long-term planning’ – to denote a specific pattern of decisions and actions undertaken by the upper echelon of the organization in order to accomplish performance goals. Wheelen and Hunger (1995, p. 3) define strategic management as ‘that set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation’. Hill and Jones (2001, p. 4) take a similar view when they define strategy as ‘an action a company takes to attain superior performance’. Strategic management is considered to be a continuous activity that requires a constant adjustment of three major interdependent poles: the values of senior management, the environment, and the resources available.