LITERATURE REVIEW:
The given article is the work of Mark K. Smith . In this article ‘Curriculum theory and pratice’ ,he explore the meaning of curriculum and four different approaches to curriculum in relation to informal education . He relate curriculum with formal and informal education. Mark K. Smith is a researcher and educator based in London at Developing Learning. He was the Rank Research Fellow and Tutor at the YMCA George Williams College, London (a college linked to Canterbury Christ Church University) and a visiting professor in community education at the University of Strathclyde.He writes many books and he also writes for infed.org and is on the editorial board of youth and policy.
In this article, he actually explain what is curriculum theory and how it is related to informal education.First of all , he gave the definition of curriculum by different authors and follows it with four approaches of curriculum.1)Curriculum as a context 2)Curriculum as a product 3)Curriculum as a Process 4)curriculum as praxis.
He said that the curriculum is not a new term at that time because everyone listen about the curriculum but meaning of it is different for different people.
First of all he gave definition of curriculum by different persons:
1)John Kerr defines Curriculum as
“All the learning which is planned and guided by the school , whether it is carried on in groups or individually , inside or outside the school”(quoted in Kelly 1983).
2)Grundy defines curriculum as
A programme of activities (by teachers and pupils)designed so thst pupils will obtain so far as possible certain educational and other schooling ends or objectives(Grundy1987,11).
3)Set of Basic comptences , goals , contents, methology and eval...
... middle of paper ...
...proaches of curriculum theory and practice are used in north American curriculum in making of the liberal educatora ,scientific curriculum makers , the developmental mentalists and the social meliorists .
Refernces:
1)Blenkin, G.M.et al (1992) Change and the Curriculu ,London : Paul Chapman.
2)Bobbitt , F. (1918) The curriculum ,Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
3)Grundy, S.(1987) Curriculum : product or praxis? Lewes:Falmer Press
4)Jeffs T. J. and Smith .M.K.(1999) Informal Education.Conversation , Democracy and learning , Ticknall:education Now.
5)Stenhouse , L. (1975).An Introduction to Curriculum Research and Development ,London : Heineman.
6)Smith , M.K.(1996,2000).”Curriculum theory and practice“ the encyclopedia of informal education , www.infed.org/biblio/b-curri.htm.
7)Tyler , R.W.(1949)Basic Principles Of Curriculum And Instruction,Chicago:University of Chicago
With reference to the secondary curriculum in England, emphasis is placed upon the aims, values and purposes of education. With the implementation of the curriculum, pupils should be given the foundations to develop and apply the knowledge, skills and understanding that will help them become successful learners, confident individuals and responsible citizens; regardless of social background, culture, race, gender, differences in ability and disabilities (QCDA, 2010). In doing so, children will become more aware of, and engaged with, their local, national and international communities; and effectively widen their po...
In modern democratic society school curriculum has become a prioritised concern for many citizens. It is a key factor in the shaping of future generations and the development of society. Decades have lapsed and numerous attempts have been made to produce a national curriculum for Australia. In 2008 it was announced that the Rudd government in collaboration with State and Territories would produce a plan to move towards a national curriculum (Brady & Kennedy, 2010). To date this has been realised in the deliverance of the Australian Curriculum v1.2 which will be examined in this paper.
Definitions for curriculum are many and varied. Broad sweeping statements claim that curriculum is what is taught in various subjects and the amount of time given to each. While a more specific view is that curriculum are performance objectives for students that focus on specific skills or knowledge (Marsh, 2010). Marsh (2010, p. 93) defines curriculum as “an interrelated set of plans and experiences” that are completed at school. The curriculum used in education can have various interpretations, it may refer to the curriculum as a plan that encompasses all the learning that is planned and directed by the school. Cu...
Different theories present own opinion of the most effective way through curriculum models. ‘Curriculum models are approaches or procedures for implementing a curriculum’. (Wilson, 2009: 522) Commonly curriculum are described as product, process and praxis. While curriculum as a product depends on the objectives as the learning goals and the measured means, a process model focuses on learning and relationship between learner and teacher. Chosen curriculum model depends on teaching and assessment strategies in some cases determinate by awarding bodies, organisational constrains, funding body and political initiatives. The dominant modes of describing and managing education are today couched in the productive form. Objectives are set, a plan drawn up, then applied, and the outcomes (products) measured. It is a way of thinking about education that has grown in influence in the United Kingdom since the late 1970s with the rise of ‘vocationalism’ and the concern of competencies. In the late 1980s and the 1990s many of the debates about the National Curriculum for schools did not so much concern how the curriculum was thought about as to what its objectives and content might be. (Wilson, 2009)
The Australian Curriculum is organised in a few different ways. There are two main design elements, Curriculum content (what the teacher is to teach) and Achievement standards (what the student is to learn). There is also Reporting Framework which incorporates elements of both areas. These elements were designed to provide guidelines as to what would be included in the Australian Curriculum. The Curriculum Content is organised into categories (strands), and are presented with descriptions to report and describe what is to be taught at each year level. Together, these descriptions form the scope and sequence across all covered years of schooling (Foundation to Year Ten). The areas of study covered in each year build upon the previou...
Curriculum theory according to Pinar is complicated conversations where teachers are not allowed to teach how they deem appropriate. They must teach what they are told to teach based on curriculum derived from results on standardized tests.
Bartlett, S and Burton, B (2007) Introduction to education studies. 2nd ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
behaviors which includes ; defining and communicating shared goals, monitor and provide feedback on the teaching and learning process, and promote school-inclusive professional development. Communicating shared goals encompass activities that emphasis attention to the methodological core of schools. Locke and Latham, (1990) lamented that these goals increase the effort exerted by school members, increase perseverance, and increase the development of schemes which will in turn
Curriculum is the organized framework that explains the content that children are to learn, the processes through which children achieve the identified curricular goals, what teachers do to help children achieve these goals and the context in which teaching and learning occur. The best curriculum for early childhood teacher is developmentally appropriate curriculum that allows teachers to set-up an effective learning environment for children.
Firstly, informal learning can be connected with the history of school by the fact that the concepts are completely opposite. In the olden days schools were equated to factories, where the superintendent was considered the boss, teachers were considered the employees, and students were the products. This mentality created classes that were taught with the notion that punctuality, order, and regularity are what lead to equity and success. (Siebert-Evenstone,2016) Schools were very strict and formal, with the teacher being in absolute control and the centre of learning. Learning was either from a text or lecture, with the expectation that students were to repeat the given information either orally or in written form. This old formal concept of teaching is very dissimilar from informal learning, because informal learning is often unstructured, student directed, voluntary and inquiry-driven. Secondly, informal learning is connected with constructivism. Constructivism is a learning theory that suggests that individuals construct what they learn and understand. (Siebert-Evenstone,2016) The concept of constructivism is similar to what informal learning spaces try to promote. For example: constructivism emphasizes,the belief that learners need to contribute to their own learning, and that social interaction is important in the development of skills and knowledge. (Siebert-Evenstone,2016) This is like informal learning spaces because these spaces also encourage self-inquiry and socialization. At the zoo the learner decides what information he or she wants to learn. The learner can chose to either go to a certain exhibit within the zoo or not. The learner is also able to interact with and observe other people at the zoo to gain for knowledge of the
It is believed that the enactment of a curriculum is socially constituted and sustained by individuals within participatory contexts that shape students’ and teachers’ engagement (Gutiérrez & Rogoff, 2003; Holland, Lachiotte, Skinner, & Cain, 1998)....
Curriculum is important being it’s the underlying factor that plays a role in determining ones growth, achievement and success. The majority of curriculum con...
Colardyn, Danielle and Jens Bjornavold. "Validation of Formal, Non-Formal and Informal Learning: policy and practices in EU Member States1." European journal of education, 39. 1 (2004): 69--89. Print.
A curriculum is a compilation of study materials that are used at all grade levels, classroom and homework assignments and a set of teacher guides. It could also include a list of prescribed methodology and guidelines of teaching and some material for the parents etc. It is generally determined by an external governing body. However, there are some cases where it may be developed by the schools and teachers themselves.
Designing curriculum, instruction, and assessments are steps teachers use to help them make sense of the concepts they teach and helps drive instruction. These steps can take on many different forms and drive a classroom in a plethora of ways. These steps, when developed properly, can help a teacher utilize each moment in the classroom and help students gain more insight to the standards they need to become proficient.