The Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography
The topic of cryptography is being debated in the computer lately, especially since September 11, 2001. To begin with, though cryptography is secret writing or the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher. Cryptography has become very popular in all aspects of life that deal with computers, which is almost every aspect of our daily lives. Ever since the mid-seventies, cryptography is the new way of keeping information secret or private. However, just how good and safe is cryptography?
There have been many forms of codes that were used to send messages from group to group or person to person. One of the first know type of secret messaging was done by the Spartans of Ancient Greece around 484 to 425 BC. Secret messages were written on wooden tablets and covered with wax to make the tablet look like wood again. The message could then be read after the wax was removed. The slaves trying to escape used another type of secret messaging. Some messages that they would use to signal each other were quilts. Certain patterns on some quilts gave directions to these slaves in how to escape into Canada. In addition, they used secret words to help guide their fellow slaves to freedom. One such code phrase was "Follow the drinking gourd." This referred to the Big Dipper in the night sky. Because most slaves traveled at night because it was safer, that phrase gave them directions to their freedom. Those were just a sample of early types of secret codes.
Modern cryptography is far more complicated. It consists of long mathematical formulas that to most people looks like total gibberish. However, these formulas turn a normal sentence into undecipherable code. Modern encryption codes are used daily throughout our daily lives For example they are used widely throughout he Internet for security purposes.
...he British had the upper hand in multiple areas such as manpower, supply, and chain of command, which are all vital for the tactical assault on Bunker Hill. The British were able to take the hill and take control of the region, but were also hit severely by a large amount of casualties. Nevertheless, the Americans lost this battle, but were able to realize that they are capable to take on and defeat the British Empire if given the right leadership and equipment; this gave the American forces an enormous morale boost, which because useful during the duration of the American Revolution.
The women of Afghanistan have been enduring unfathomable suffering since the Taliban, a religious faction, seized control of the country in 1996. (NOTE TO STUDENT: my teacher gave me a B+ and said I would have had an A if I had had more detail on the Taliban's reasons for these laws) Since 1996 Afghan women have been living fear for their safety and lives. A myriad of discriminating laws has been placed on Afghan women. The punishments for violating these laws are unimaginably inhuman.
Since the tragedies of September 11th 2001, Americans have really opened their eyes to the political state of Afghanistan. The poor treatment of women in Afghanistan is an issue that, for many Americans, just seems to be coming to light as a serious concern that requires outside attention. Extreme Islamic leaders in the country persist in limiting the freedom that Afghan women have. Women in the Taliban-controlled country suffer unusually hideous acts of torment and are forced to abide by outrageous regulations because of stringent enforcement methods. Afghan women daily live lives restricted by Taliban law and risk having to endure cruel punishment and torture, yet Afghan political leaders continue to justify the their treatment of Afghan women.
During their time of rule, the Taliban issued a number of laws that restrained Afghan people from living a desirable life. For example, neither women nor men could watch television, use the internet, read books (unless they contain religious content), or have pictures of ...
Throughout recent history, Afghanistan has been a country in turmoil. Famine, drought, civil war and Taliban rule have all had a significant impact on the Afghani people. While this has taken a very negative toll on all Afghan people, I believe, that none have been more negatively impacted than the women of Afghanistan. Having said that, not everything the Western world deems as a negative is also considered negative by the women and men of Afghanistan. One only has to read this quote, “Wearing the burqua is not mandatory, but few women are rushing to remove them” (Germani 14). While the Taliban and al-Qaida’s rule had a great negative impact from 1996-2001 and obviously oppressive to all Afghani women. They were not the sole source of oppression felt by the Afghan females as stated in this quote, “The roots of patriarchal oppression go deep in Afghan society - far deeper than the Taliban or al-Qaida.”(Rostami-Povey, E. 2007)
Many of the slaves were illiterate in English. Therefore Oral transmission became the chief means of communication because of restrictions placed on slaves music became the chief means of covert communication.
...er. The songs spoke of, “going home” or “being bound for the land of Canaan”. People generally assumed they were singing about dying and going to Heaven, but they were actually singing about going north to Canada and freedom (www.pathways.thinkport.org). Quilt code was another way for them to communicate. They used different geometric patterns in quilts to pass messages along through the Underground Railroad (www.ugrrquilt.hartcottagequilts.com). There were various patterns that a seamstress would sew on there. She’d make a sampler quilt for the slaves to memorize and then make big quilts to hang in the window and such. The wrench pattern meant gather your tools and get physically and mentally prepared. The wagon wheel meant pack your belongings, while the bear’s paw symbolized follows the literal footprints of the bear. The tumbling blocks meant pack up and go.
There has been an increase in the number of elderly that have been subjected to violence and mistreatment. This type of treatment is associated with the individual’s dependency on others; whether it be a relative, acquaintance and/or institution (Meadows, 2010). According to estimates “between 1 and 2 million Americans aged 65 years or older have been injured, exploited, or otherwise mistreated by someone on whom they depended for case or protection (National Research Council Panel to Review Risk and Prevalence of elder abuse and neglect, 2003)” (Meadows, 2010, p. 87). The type of abuse that elderly get subjected to is not only physical, it may also be emotional. Obviously, abuse may take on many different forms and may include: financial abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. This abuse is not limited to certain circumstances it can happen in poor, middle-class or upper income household. This includes a variety of demographs and ethnicities (Meadows, 2010). Anyone may potential cause abuse and/or neglect.
Every American should have the right to live free from the fear of abuse. Unfortunately, that doesn’t always happen. The National Center on Elder Abuse Administration on Aging (NCEA) stated, “In the United States, the 2010 Census recorded the greatest number and proportion of people age 65 and older in all of decennial census history: 40.3 million, or 13% of the total population. This “Boomer Generation” effect will continue for decades”. This suggests that with the population of elders increasing, the abuse of elders will grow much higher. Elder abuse if defined as intentionally causing harm to a vulnerable elder by a caregiver or someone they trust. There are five main types of abuse; Physical, sexual, neglect, emotional or psychological
Mature Market Institute. (2011). The MetLife Study of Elder Financial Abuse: Crimes of Occasion, Desperation and Predation Against America’s Elders. Retrieved December 9, 2013 from https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/studies/2011/mmi-elder-financial-abuse.pdf
Communication in the nineteenth century involved physically moving from point A to point B. Most communication came in the form of handwritten letters. Some would be transported. If the letter was to be captured or never make it the sender may never find out and the message could be seen by the enemy leaving them with an upper hand. This remained so until the eighteen forties when Samuel F.B Morse sent the first code along a telegraph system. The message that he sent was “What hath God wrought?” which derives from the christian bible in the book of John, due to Morses religious affiliations.The telegraph is an arrangement of wires from the person sending the message and all the way to the person needing to receive the message. Along the wire the sender can put out electrical impulses that create an impression on a paper that is with the receiver. These impressions are an arrangement of dots and dashes, which could then be translated into letters and further into a message. Stations would be set up on either side of the wire where translators would wait and translate the incoming messages. They had charts the depicted what letter each arrangement symbolised. Not long after the war broke out many of the translators became so familiar with the code’s translations that they could read the message without the assistance of the guide. With this advancement people could send messages miles away and
Proof that would help back up what is being said is that most slaves didn’t know how to read or write so they would use song to communicate without their slave owners’ understanding what was being said. This would inadvertently allow slaves to speak to one another in codes. Different songs told slaves specific things on how to escape or what to look out for. This was a beneficial way of communicating without their masters understanding the codes. Without slave masters knowing the slaves plan, they had a higher chance of escaping unnoticed until the daytime.
The telegraph was invented in 1832 by an artist named Samuel F.B. Morse. Before Morse sent his famous message there were signaling systems that made so people could communicate over long distances. Most systems were using flags or lights to signal things. most signals were semaphore. Morse thought that sending a message over a wire might be possible by using codes. The telegraph was called and electromechanical telegraph which Morse called it the recording telegraph. The way they would talk over the telegraph was have codes that Morse would make by pressing the buttons on the morse code and holding down the buttons for longer and shorter periods of time. There were two people that helped Morse were Vail, and Leonard Gale. Then in 1838 Morse had a code for sending and receiving messages.
Starting from the communication, there were many ways of communication in previous history. For instance, people used to send mail to people via animals. In ancient China, people used pigeon to send messages. This approach was efficient but risky. If rivals captured the pigeon, then the information could not sent successfully. (Fang, 2008) Just before the introduction of telephone, electric telegraph was prosperous in the Mid-nineteenth century by using the Morse alphabet to transmit information.(Robertson, 2006) However, operators who acted as the intermediate business platform in that