One of the most common diarrheal diseases is amebiasis, caused by the parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica that affects 50 million people leading to 100,000 deaths world wide a year. One of the most common diarrheal diseases is amebiasis, caused by the parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytic. Transmitted by the fecal-oral route, ingestion of infected cyst form occurs through contaminated food and water. Casual Agent E. histolytica is a protozoan parasite responsible for a disease called amoebiasis. Several protozoan species in the genus, Entamoeba, colonize humans, but not all of them are associated with the disease. E. histolytica is well recognized as a pathogenic ameba, associated with intestinal and extra intestinal infections. E. histolytica goes through two life cycles: A cyst which can survive harsh conditions, such as the human stomach and the small intestine; the cyst form transmits the disease. The trophozoite which deals with the infection of the host by invading the epithelial cells. Occasionally trophozoites might be transmitted during sexual intercourse. ctual infection of the host by invading the host epitheliurviving in harsh environments as well as in the tA trophozoite is an active form or feeding form of a protozoan, especially a parasite, as opposed to the resting or reproductive form. Trophozoites migrate to the large intestine where live and multiply through binary fission. E.histlytica lives and multiplies in the human body as a trophozoite. A trophozoite is an active form or feeding form of a protozoan, especially a parasite, as opposed to the resting or reproductive form. Trophozoites migrate to the large intestine where live and multiply through binary fission. E. histolytica trophozoites initiate p... ... middle of paper ... ...contaminated water. • Public education about the possibility of transmitting the disease through sexual contact Consider fecal screening for household members and institutional contacts. Fecal screening is advised for fellow travelers of a confirmed case. Confirmed carries need to be treated also be treated. Environmental measures to control disease transmission focuses on: • Protecting public water supply from fecal contamination • Investigating the food preparation practices of any implicated local food premises. In the event of multiple cases, public health measures involve: • Confirmation from laboratory results • Undertaking an epidemiological investigation to determine source of infection and common mode of transmission. • Taking appropriate measures to eliminate any common vehicles of transmission, such as contaminated food or water, to prevent further cases.
The microbe Naegleria fowleri, commonly called the brain-eating-amoeba, was first identified from a fatal case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in Australia in 1961. In 1965, three further cases of fatal PAM were found, from which clinical and laboratory investigations pointed to a relation with acute bacterial meningitis among the cases of an unknown etiology. According to Fowler & Carter (1965), when post-death examinations of the bodies were performed researchers found that “microscopically the meningeal exudate consisted of about equal proportions of neutrophil leukocytes and chronic inflammatory cells, amongst which small, often degenerate amoebae were sparsely distributed” (p.740). The species of the organism that caused the amoeboflagellate related disease was later named Naegleria fowleri after one of the primary authors of the report, M. Fowler. Butt reports that the first case of PAM in the United States occurred in Florida in 1962 and a further retrospective study reported by dos Santos Netos suggested that additional identified cases of PAM in Virginia may have dated as far back as 1937 (as cited in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013, Pathogen). As research on the microbe ensues, more cases of PAM are beginning to surface and the search for a cure to the fatal infection is imperative.
E. coli are bacteria that can cause an infection in various parts of your body, including your intestines. E. coli bacteria normally live in the intestines of people and animals. Most types of E. coli do not cause infections, but some produce a poison (toxin) that can cause diarrhea. Depending on the toxin, this can cause mild or severe diarrhea.
N fowleri has three stages of their cycle. In the amoeboid trophozoite stage, they are infectious and measure 10-35 µm long. The trophozoite transforms to a non-feeding flagellate when food sources are limited. Flagellates are motile and measure 10-20 µm in length. The amoeba or flagellate will form a cyst, the dormant stage, if the environment is too cold and not conducive to continued feeding and growth. When the organism is in the cyst stage, it has a single layered wall and only one nucleus. The cyst measures 7-1...
Clostridium difficile infection often causes a disease known as pseudomembranous colitis. It is an inflammation of the intestine caused by Toxin A and B. Cell death and fluid accumulation stimulate the release of histamine and this causes inflammation. It is characterized by foul smelling diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Complications that may arise include dehydration due to loss of water and electrolytes caused by excessive diarrhea, toxic megacolon, and in extreme cases death.2
... that train and educate people about certain diseases. Through education, citizens will know how to respond on special scenario, such as in the case of being infected with Typhoid fever, even without the immediate assistance from healthcare representatives. Likewise, people will know the signs of Typhoid fever which will help them know the important steps to avoid the worsening of their conditions. Further, the availability of emergency health providers will help in preventing the worsening of health conditions if in any case, contamination has already occurred. Also, the local government agencies that monitor the water lines are a big help in preventing bioterrorism on water supplies. If these agencies will miss cleaning the pipelines or the water itself, there’s a big chance for bioterrorism to take place. Thus, local agencies should be consistent with their jobs.
This disgusting worm parasite is spread by flies and mosquitoes. The adult worm spreads its larvae throughout the host’s lymphatic system and causes the lymph nodes to become clogged up. This also makes the tissue in the host’s body to swell up and create massive muscle deformations, otherwise known as elephantiasis. The elephantiasis mainly affects the legs and genitals. The disease also affects the eyes but that can be easily detected through close inspection but it commonly causes river blindness in the host. It’s been estimated that the parasite is one of the leading causes of blindness throughout the world.
Factors that support the growth and distribution of these parasitic worms include warm and moist climate, poor sanitation and Hygiene, and compromised water supply control systems.
In North Dakota and various other surrounding states have a very harsh climate compared to other places. Because of this, multicellular parasitic disease is an uncommon occurrence. Physicians in North Dakota and surrounding areas rarely if ever see and treat patients with parasitic diseases; however, it can happen and it is important to be informed about such diseases in order to better treat and inform patients. I myself was not informed about several parasites that can live in the area and would like to pass the knowledge onto my peers as well. The parasites I will focus on are Diphyllobothrium Latum and Fasciola Hepatica. In order to have a better understanding of the pathology of the two parasites, the following topics will need to be reviewed
in preventive measures; therefore, contribute to the “global public good” of reducing the risk of
Many studies are done on the causes of the spread of infectious disease, and their conclusion has been due to the transfer of germs, bacteria or viruses from one person to another. All the studies come down to the fact that proper hand washing technique can prevent the spread of those diseases. “Every year, lives are lost because of the spread of infections in hospitals. Health care workers can take steps to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. These steps are part of infection control” (Medline Plus). People feel sick or even lose their life because of infectious diseases that are passed by germs from one to another. When it comes to health care providers they have to be really careful because they can become the transferring agent of diseases. When they go from one ill patient to another, they can bring one patient’s germs to another. They need to take the simple precaution of hand washing in between patients to stop diseases from spreading. Health care providers have to be cautious about germs not just for their patients, but also for their own families. Because they can ta...
Avoiding infection or, at least, breaking the chain of transmission is vital in any setting, but more so in healthcare environments where infections and vulnerable hosts are moving under the same roof. What needs to be done, then?
...agic fever 17. The safety measures individuals can take to protect against the transmission of the disease are:
The root of food borne illness starts from the receiving area which have the most important procedure to identify and reject any damaged and spoiled goods upon the receiving points which includes variety types of physical checks such as check any foreseen damage, changes in color, smell and texture of the food (Khamis, Rashdi and Zuraini, 2009).
Handling, processing, and preparation such as (cooking, cooling, reheating, holding/service) should be controlled to ensure that the food is not contaminated in any way.