CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Maternal postpartum psychological state is an outcome following childbirth that is either positive or negative that is directly influenced by maternal underlying factors; both intrinsic and extrinsic (O'Hara, 1991).This factors often cause disorders generally characterized by regulation of mood ,thought and /or behavior that affect the mothers to the extent that social integration becomes problematic both to the child, partner and the caregiver (who, 2004).
Postpartum psychological states has a number of characteristics that make it a particularly compelling target for prevention intervention, yet little has been done both locally and globally. These includes a clear time onset such as during childbirth, a distinct risk period upto six months post-delivery and an identified population with a risk period thtas the expectant mothers (who, 2004)
(Patel, 2002)States that maternal psychological state during pregnancy and the postnatal period can have serious consequences for the health and wellbeing of the mother and her baby; as well as the partner and other family members. Whereas progression of stressors during this period results in mental illnesses such as maternal depression and postnatal psychotic disorders, proper evaluation and methods put would prevent negative outcomes of maternal psychological states.
In view of the fact these psychological states can set in motion detrimental patterns of parenting and developmental processes that may be difficult to change with the lapse of time, there has been limited availability of effective prevention programs globally that are a representative of missed opportunity to improve children’s growth and development (WHO, 2008)
Mat...
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...ng maternal postnatal psychological state since maternal mental health is inextricably linked with both physical and psychological child development; and addressing the mental needs of the mother is likely to benefit the society, children and national outcomes
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 BROAD OBJECTIVE
T explore the factors influencing maternal postpartum psychological states at KNH, post natal ward
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1) To determine the knowledge level among mothers on the maternal model of care at KNH postnatal ward.
2) To find out the mothers perception on pregnancy and labor process
3) To investigate the effectiveness of caregiver psychological support interventions for patients at KNH postnatal ward
4) To determine other factors if any that influence the psychological state of mothers at KNH postnatal ward
Today postpartum psychosis is known to be a serious psychiatric crisis that affects one to two women per thousand in the first few weeks following childbirth. Women tend to experience visual, aural, and olfactory delusions and hallucinations that enables a risk of self-harm,
Harrison, L. J. and Ungerer, J. A., (2002). Maternal Employment and Infant-Mother Attachment Security at 12 Months Postpartum. Developmental Psychology, Vol. 38, No. 5, 758-773.
Markham, J. A., & Koenig, J. I. (2011). Prenatal stress: Role in psychotic and depressive diseases. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 89-106.
The Effects of Education on Postpartum Depression Outcomes: A Literature Review Postpartum depression (PPD) is a period of depression that follows childbirth and lasts more than two weeks. It is experienced by up to 15% of women in the first three postpartum months (Camp, 2013). PPD is well represented by all ages, races, and cultures. The causes of PPD are currently unknown. There are many factors that place patients at a higher risk of developing PPD.
"Maternal Depression Can Undermine the Development of Young Children." Center on the Developing Child. Harvard University, 2009. Web. 04 Apr. 2014.
In the course of child development, a multitude of factors have severe ramifications on the child’s future. These factors are either categorized as risk or protective, based on the positive or negative benefits that are derived from each. Risk factors exist as potentially mal-adaptive behavior profile variables that influence or interfere with a child’s competency to thrive in their environment. Protective factors, on the other hand, create positive influences on development by negating effects of various risk factors. Both risk and protective factors exist in a variety of forms. Genetic, biological, psychological, familial, and social-cultural influences can be seen on each side. Not only do they exist in a variety of forms, but their abilities also depend on contextual situations such as age, gender, and environmental conditions. It is important to look at these factors when determining norms in developmental pathways or observing deviances, which could explain future behavioral problems. On a superficial level, the amalgamation of risk and protective factors could create predictable outcomes in the behavioral, emotional, and social stability of an individual. Adequate preventative measures to increase resilience in a child with many risk factors, could lead to sufficient buffering of these potentially harmful variables. From a psychologist’s perspective, it is vital to understand risk factors and protective factors to better understand and aid patients who may show preemptive signs of future developmental problems.
Parents and their parenting style play an important role in the development of their child. In fact, many child experts suggest that parenting style can affect a child’s social, cognitive, and psychological development which influence not just their childhood years, but it will also extend throughout their adult life. This is because a child’s development takes place through a number of stimuli, interaction, and exchanges that surround him or her. And since parents are generally a fixed presence in a child’s life, they will likely have a significant part on the child’s positive or negative development (Gur 25).
After giving birth, women will have hormonal oscillations (Rosequist). In the meanwhile, their bodies are getting back to their normal state, however if that “blues” does not go away, it can evolve in a deep depression. As she recalls, saying: “And yet I cannot be with him, it make me so nervous”(Gilman), it is obvious that Post-Partum depression is the cause of her poor attachment with the child; the mother can be hazardous to the baby; mood swing occur, and in extremes circumstances, about 1 in 1,000, it can bring psychotic indications (Hilts). If this condition if left untreated, it can cause serious psychological and physical damages. Treatment would include anti-depressants and therapy. This can also trigger other types of mental
...‘Opportunities in public policy to support infant and early childhood mental health’, American Psychologist, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 129-139.
Werner conducted a longitudinal study on the children of the island of Kauai (the garden island) in Hawaii. This study consisted of two objectives: to seek the long term effects of prenatal or perinatal stress and record the early nurturing adversities effects on a child’s physical, cognitive and psychosocial development. She used a sample of 698 infants out of 1963 live births to carry out this study. The study looked at these infants at the ages of one, two, 10, 18, 31 and 32. She enlisted members of the community to take a census of the women around the garden from 12 years or older to find out the amount of pregnant women ,and enlist the non pregnant to send word when the got pregnant. She got information regarding the mothers’ postpartum period when the children were at the age one and 10 years from nurses and social workers. Nurses were in charge of observing the women during each trimester of the pregnancy if any difficulty was encountered, such as physical or emotional stress. Physicians were controlled any difficulty encountered during the prenatal stage, labour, delivery and neonatal stage. She enlisted the paediatricians and psychologists to access the children’s’ physical, intellectual and social developmental whilst documenting if any of the children had disabilities or behavioural problems. She and her colleagues also gave several tests such as aptitude, personality, etc. at elementary and high school grades. Lastly, they interviewed the children at ages 18, 31 and 32 to get their view on life. In 1955, some of the children died as a result of exposure to prenatal or perinatal stress between birth and age two. 116 children were diagnosed with physical or mental difficulties at age two and 142 children had gotten le...
Roca, Catherine. "Depression During and After Pregnancy." April 2005. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Online. http://www.4woman.gov/faq/postpartum.htm. (17 Nov. 2005)
A great deal of emotions occur in the postpartum period, emotions that you could never understand unless you have been there. Before I attended a conference on depression in pregnancy & postpartum the thought of fathers suffering from postnatal depression never even entered my mind. As far as I was concerned, It was only associated it with giving birth. The knowledge I gained has not only changed my outlook on the subject but the way that I interact with and educate my patients. My focus is no longer just on the dyad of mom and baby it’s on mom, dad and baby if there is a partner involved at all. The purpose of this essay is to explore a particular concept related to professional caring in nursing. It will discuss the patient/client situation, exploration of the concept, how the concept relates to personal caring through noticing, interpreting, responding and reflection. The concept that will be explored in this paper is empathy.
My mother was diagnosed with postpartum depression (PPD), also referred to as postnatal depression. This is a type of clinical depression which can affect women after childbirth. The cause of PPD is not well understood but hormonal changes, genetics, and major life event have been hypothesized as potential causes. Maternal depression has been shown to influence mothers’ interaction with her child, therefore the doctor thought it was necessary for further treatment. Many women recover with treatment such as a support group, counseling, or
In the developing stages of a child, psychological factors play a huge role in th...
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