P0012A - Intelligent Technology - Computation and the Brain
Assignment 04
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral Nervous system (PNS). The first signs of development are three extensions on front end of the so-called neural tube which develop in the prosencephalon (forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain) and the rhombencephalon (hindbrain). Before birth the hindbrain and forebrain divide in each 2 extensions. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The outer part of the brain called the cerebral cortex. This part of the brain is responsible for the functioning of cognition, sensation, motor skills, and emotions.
The five main sections of the brain
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata with reticular formation (ARAS), which play a role in activation processes like maintaining muscle tone, attention, sleep, cardiac and respiratory reflexes).
Metencephalon=hindbrain (contains Pons (Bridge) and cerebellum (cerebellum), wich plays an important role in the sensory-motor system and coordination of muscle movement, it is responsible for which position we take, whether we keep or change it)
Mesencephalon=midbrain (contains Tectum, plays a role in visual and auditive function) and Tigmentum (subdivided into tectum three structures:
grisea centralis around the channel that the connects ventricle (cerebral aqueduct), plays a role in pain-reducing (analgesic) effects of opiates ), substantia nigra and nucleus ruber
Diencephalon=interbrain (consists of 2 structures: thalamus: important components of the sensorimotor (contrains spinothalamic tract) and hypothalamus (containd optic chiasm, the place where the optic nerves of both eyes cross to anoc...
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...nervate salvation, swellowing, sense of taste in the back of the tongue, 10. sensomotor nerve vagus get projections and innervates cervical, thoracic and abdominal organes, 11. sensor-motor nerve accessory gets projections from cervical muscles, innervate pharynx, larynx, trapezoid muscle, 12. sensor-motor hypoglossal nerve get projections and innervate tongue muscles.
Literature:
John P. J. Pine:l Biopsychologie 6., aktualisierte Auflage
Mark Bear, Michael Paradiso, Barry W. Connors: Neuroscience. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0781760038
John G. Nicholls, Robert Martin, Bruce G. Wallace: Vom Neuron zum Gehirn: Zum Verständnis der zellulären und molekularen Funktion des Nervensystems, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, ISBN-10: 343720517X
Norbert Ulfig: Kurzlehrbuch Neuroanatomie, Thieme Verlag, ISBN: 9783131429513
Wikipedia
Another locate area referred to the brain stem that has inside pons, medulla, and celebellum. Pituitary gland was attached to our braine. Cingulate Gyrus, Lateral ventrice, fornix, septum pellucidum, cerebral acqueduct. and tegmentum are part we can see in the dissection of sheep braine.
The medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus is situated in areas 4 and 6, that is, located in the front of the motor and premotor cortices of the frontal lobe. The medial part of this nucleus (magnocellular part) projects to the ventral medial orbital portion of the prefrontal lobe (Kringelbach, 2005). This particular portion of the prefrontal cortex is called the orbitofrontal cortex of the brain and, it consists of Brodmann area 10, 11 and 47. It receives inputs from the ventral visual stream, and, inputs from the taste, somatosensory and olfactory receptors (Kringelbach, 2005).
Let’s say that there is a mechanical sense. If someone touched your hand, your somatosensory system will detect various stimuli by your skin’s sensory receptors. The sensory information is then conveyed to the central nervous system by afferent neurons. The neuron’s dendrites will pass that information to the cell body, and on to its axon. From there it is passed onto the spinal cord or the brainstem. The neuron's ascending axons will cross to the opposite side either in the spinal cord or in the brainstem. The axons then terminates in the thalamus, and on into the Brodmann Area of the parietal lobe of the brain to process.
Firstly, there is various of sensing activities as in seeing and hearing as in a sense of understanding of what is seen and heard. Secondly the sense of feeling in numerous parts of the body from the head to the toes. The ability to recall past events, the sophisticated emotions and the thinking process. The cerebellum acts as a physiological microcomputer which intercepts various sensory and motor nerves to smooth out what would otherwise be jerky muscle motions. The medulla controls the elementary functions responsible for life, such as breathing, cardiac rate and kidney functions. The medulla contains numerous of timing mechanisms as well as other interconnections that control swallowing and salivations.
Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwarz, and T. M. Jessel. Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Elsevier. New York: 1991.
... Parsons, L.M., Bower, J., Xiong J., Li J., & Fox, P. (1996). Cerebellum Implicated in Sensory Acquisition and Discrimination Rather Than Motor Control. Science, 272, 545-547.
Action potentials are started at one end of the node, flow passively through the myelinated axon, and pop out the other side to jump to the next node. This jumping of action potentials is called saltatory.
The neuron plays an important role in the occupation of the brain (Rollin Koscis). A neuron is...
Sperry, R. W. (1963, October 15). Chemoaffinity in the Orderly Growth of Nerve Fiber Patterns and Connection. Natioanl Academy of Science, 50(4), 703-710.
It is the most important part of the body, because without a brain, none of us would be alive. In the brain, there are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. The cerebrum holds memories, controls movement, and does problem solving and thinking. It is the biggest part of your brain. The cerebellum is underneath the cerebrum and controls coordination and balance.
The brain consists of both neurons and glia cells. The neurons, which are cells housed in a cell body called a Soma, have branches which extend from them, referred to as dendrites. From these dendrites extend axons which send and receive impulses, ending at junction points called synapses. It is at these synapse points that the transfer of information takes place.
The area at the front of the brain is the largest. Most of it is known as the cerebrum. It controls all of the movements that you have to think about, thought and memory.
Within the human anatomy, an intricate and complex network of specialised nerve fibres and neurons works in collaboration with the central nervous system and peripheral system, designed to carry out the various actions humans perform every day. The nervous system is also known as the master control unit of the human body, as it operates other major functions such as the circulatory and respiratory systems (Jakab, 2006). It is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The neurons established within the various sections of the nervous system, is structured with three main parts: a dendrite which is a cluster of branches that operates by receiving information from the receptor and neurons and transferring nerve impulses to the cell body; furthermore, a cell body is composed of a nucleus, that works to provide energy and nutrients for the neuron; lastly is an axon, electrically conducted by the myelin sheath, the axon is a pathway nerve impulses pass through from the cell body. In addition, this is the process in which nerve impulses travel by to be able to access the rest of the system (Core Science, 2010). The correct function of the nervous system is vital to the daily survival of an individual, as it obtains a significant role in the control and co-ordination of the human body. Furthermore, if a situation occurs where the nervous system dysfunctions or develops a disease (such as multiple sclerosis), it would in that case threaten the current status of one’s health and cause havoc in the system.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It contains all the tools that are responsible the majority of the brains functions. The cerebrum is split up into four sections: frontal lobe, occiptal lobe and pariental lobe. The cerebrum has two sections the right and the left hemisphere that are connected by axons that send messages to and from one another. The matter in this part is made up of cells that carry signals between the nerve cells and the organs that run through the
[online] Available at: http://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous system.html [Accessed: 1 Oct 2013]. Reece, J. 2012. The. Campbell biology. San Francisco, CA. -.