The Basques and Their Claim to Nationhood
analytical Essay
2163 words
The Basques and Their Claim to Nationhood
Historical Background
The Basque "nation" --for lack of a better word-- is composed of seven different "provinces" --for the lack of a better word-- four are located within the borders of Spain and three within those of France in the triangle formed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Garonne and Ebro rivers, as shown in the map below.
Euskera-Herria, is the Basque name given to these seven provinces. The Basques are the descendants of the native inhabitants of the area who are referred to as the proto-Basques and for the most part did not mix with other ethnic groups. Basque speak a language called Euskera, which has been proven to be older any other Indo-European language. It is considered by linguistic experts, as perhaps, the oldest living languages in Europe and it is unrelated to any of the families of Indo-European languages
The Basques are an ancient people whose history is deeply intertwined with the people of Spain and France. Toward the end of the tumultuous period that followed the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Navarre (Nafarroa in Basque), centered in Pamplona, came into being. Originally this kingdom covered all of modern Navarre, plus the three Vascongadas, or Basque countries (Gipuzkoa, Bizkaia, Araba), and the modern French Basque countries, and into neighboring areas in modern Spain. When the moors invaded Spain, Navarre was never conquered, thus it retained many Basque characteristics Navarre was probably not a "Kingdom of the Basques", but it was a kingdom whose dominant ethnic group were the Basques . Through the high and late middle ages Navarre gradually lost bits of its territory through various dynastic marriages and inheritances, a...
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...ue dialog. Furthermore, the plea of a people cannot be delegitmized by violent actions of a handful of hardliners, instead, they must embrace the spirit of what the Basque nation stands for and bring to the table with dignity and the consciousness that true, lasting solutions often require tolerance and compromise.
Bibliography
Bibliography:
http://www.freespeech.org/ehj/html/vascon.html
http://www.freespeech.org/ehj/html/vascon.html
http://students.washington.edu/buber/Basque/History/
http://bakersfield.about.com/citiestowns/caus/bakersfield/library/weekly/aa062900a.htm?rnk=r1&terms=basques
Idem
http://www.freespeech.org/ehj/html/vascon.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/9479/basque.html#4
http://www.freespeech.org/ehj/html/frnorth.html
http://www.contrast.org/mirrors/ehj/html/carlists.html
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the basques retained special "fueros", privileges of self-governance and local assemblies for that purpose.
- Explains that the objective elements that inspire the deep felt nationalism within the basque community are primarily ethnic by nature. geertz outlines six different criteria upon which one can define ethnicity.
- Explains that the basque are unique in their blood serology. they are primarily type o blood with an occasional b type a is extremely rare and ab is non-existent.
- Explains that the basques retained special "fueros", privileges of self-governance and local assemblies for that purpose.
- Explains that the objective elements that inspire the deep felt nationalism within the basque community are primarily ethnic by nature. geertz outlines six different criteria upon which one can define ethnicity.
- Explains that the basque are unique in their blood serology. they are primarily type o blood with an occasional b type a is extremely rare and ab is non-existent.
- Explains that euskera is the oldest living european language. it has 13 vowels, 6 diphthongs, and 38 consonants.
- Explains that the basques have inhabited this region prior to roman conquest of the iberic peninsula. the earliest account of them is found in the works of greek and roman geographers.
- Explains that the basques are a cohesive ethnic group seeking to maintain their culture, or euskaldun as it is called in basque. some political scientists would not consider ethnicity as the only factor needed to define nationhood.
- Explains that the french nation is composed of different ethnic groups united under a common set of values.
- Explains that the linguistic difference between the basques and the people of france and spain became the barrier that separated them from their neighbors. in 1609, the witch hunting french official pierre de lancre was convinced that all 30,000 basque-speaking inhabitants of lapurdi were witches.
- Analyzes the internal conflicts that have severed spain since 1833. the first carlist war took the form of a popular uprising in defense of basque liberties and traditions.
- Explains that the spanish state upheld the fueros of navarre, which had been negotiated in 1841. when franco obtained power in 1936, he sought to homogenize the country.
- Explains that the basque country is faced with more than one conflict. the political and violent conflicts are not related to each other. eta's supporters must use democratic and peaceful means to defend their claims.
- Explains that the basque "nation" is composed of seven different "provinces" in the triangle formed by the atlantic ocean and the garonne and ebro rivers.
- Explains that the basques have kept traditions based on myths and legends that are transmitted orally as it was done many centuries ago. the strongest factor that prompts them to seek independence, or at least autonomy, lies in the psychological make-up of the people.
- Argues that the belief in the necessity of freeing basque politics from the trap of violence is essential to resolve the conflict.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains spain is one of the largest countries in western europe.
- Describes the 1700 miles from the eastern end of the pyrenees mountain chain to the western end.
- Explains that rota and cadiz ports lie on this coast and further up the guadalquivir river.
- Explains spain is one of the largest countries in western europe.
- Describes the 1700 miles from the eastern end of the pyrenees mountain chain to the western end.
- Explains that rota and cadiz ports lie on this coast and further up the guadalquivir river.
- Explains that of the seven million people who speak catalan are located in el este.
- Opines that spaniards don't dress as much as the u.s.
- Opines that there are many wild animals that roam the land of spain, including sheep and cattle.
- Explains that in galicia a language known as gallego is widely used, and since 1978 it has been recognized as an official language to be taught in the region.
- Explains that bullrings of any size host cheering crowds, but jeering the matador, as he faces the bull, taunts and teases him.
- Opines that most spaniards don't see bullfighting as a cruel and bloody sport. it's an exciting test of bravery, skill, and skill.
1259 wordsRead More - Homage To Cataloniaanalytical essayGeorge Orwell, noted writer and journalist, arrived in Barcelona, Spain in late 1936 to cover the fight against fascism. Being an avid fan of socialism, he was amazed to see the small glimpse of socialism in action. He was intrigued to say the least, of the classless society he observed there. Barcelona, Spain at this time was held under Anarchist control, and as such most of the old class society rituals were abandoned: tipping, titles, and the old divisions between rich and poor were practically gone. Everyone was equal in this new society, and most of the rich aristocrats had either fled or went into hiding. This being the truest form of socialism and brotherhood Orwell had ever before witnessed he put down his pen and took up arms. Homage to Catalonia, which Orwell later wrote after fleeing to France in 1937, gives his account as a militiaman in the P.O.U.M (Partido Obrero de Unificacion Marxista) Militia, which roughly translates to the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification. At the time this was one of the many anti-fascist factions in Spain, later he remarks joining P.O.U.M with ignorant bliss of what the difference was between any of them.
In this essay, the author
- Describes how george orwell, an avid socialist, arrived in barcelona, spain in 1936 to cover the fight against fascism.
- Analyzes how describes the day-to-day activities of a militiaman on the frontlines near barcelona.
- Analyzes how orwell's true strengths are his detailed accounts of the various events during his time as a militiaman, particularly the night raid against the fascist held bunker.
- Describes how george orwell, an avid socialist, arrived in barcelona, spain in 1936 to cover the fight against fascism.
- Analyzes how describes the day-to-day activities of a militiaman on the frontlines near barcelona.
- Analyzes how orwell's true strengths are his detailed accounts of the various events during his time as a militiaman, particularly the night raid against the fascist held bunker.
- Analyzes how orwell is struck by the changes that have occurred on the frontlines. he is dragged into street fighting caused by infighting between the communists and various anarchist factions.
- Opines that orwell's book homage to catalonia is a great read for anyone who enjoys learning about various political ideologies.
1241 wordsRead More