The Attack of HPV
opinionated Essay
1076 words
Do you know that over ninety percent of people who are sexually active will have come in contact with HPV at least once in his/her lifetime? Human Papilloma Virus, also known as HPV, is an infectious emerging disease that has become one of the number one causes of cervical cancer in women. With a startling increase in HPV prevalence research has been encouraged to discover more about this virus and how it causes cervical cancer. Fifteen years ago, not many knew what HPV was and there was very little research conducted on the virus. Since such little information was known about it, HPV was not even taught in the Sexual Education class as a sexually transmitted virus. Throughout years of research scientists, doctors, and medical staff have discovered what HPV is, how one contracts the virus, the symptoms or lack of symptoms, treatment and prevention for HPV.
In the United States and the world, HPV has become one of the most commonly sexually transmitted diseases. According to the California Medical Association (CMA), approximately 20 million people are currently infected with HPV, with an estimated 6.2 million new genital HPV infections each year (CMA). There are about 100 different subtypes of HPV in which thirty-forty of the subtypes can infect the genital area. The HPV virus can be classified into two different categories high-risk HPV and low-risk HPV. HPV type 6 and 11 are considered as the low risk genital types, causing genital warts. HPV 16 and 18 contribute towards cervical cancer and fall under the high-risk genital types. HPV 16 and 18 infect the cervical cells causing them to be abnormal turning them into pre-cancerous and then if not treated cancerous cells. The American Cancer Society stated that, in 2010, th...
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...s virus that has contributed to the lost lives of many mothers, sisters, wives, and daughters every year, so be aware of it, tell others of it, and practice safe sex.
Works Cited
American Cancer Society (2011). Cancer Facts and Figures 2011. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society. Jan 2012
California Medical Association Foundation. Cervical Cancer and STD Project.
(http://www.thecmafoundation.org/projects/hpv/FactsStats.aspx) Jan 2012.
Division of Molecular Virology. Oncogenic potential of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and its relation with cervical cancer. University of Punjab. 2011 Jun 3;8:269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21635792 Virol J. Jan 2012
Division of STD Prevention (1999). Prevention of genital HPV infection and sequelae: report of an external consultants' meeting. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Jan 2012
In this essay, the author
- Explains that over ninety percent of people who are sexually active will have come in contact with hpv at least once in their lifetime.
- Explains that hpv is one of the most commonly sexually transmitted diseases in the united states and the world.
- Explains that both men and women can contract hpv. it can be passed on between straight and same-sex partners, even when the infected partner has no signs or symptoms.
- Explains that most hpv-16 infections go away on their own without causing any type of harmful cell abnormality, but it is important to address the problem before it turns into cervical cancer.
- Explains that there are three different treatment options depending on the stage of the cells infected with the hpv virus.
- Recommends practicing abstinence, wearing condoms, and receiving the shots gardasil and cervarix, which are recommended to those who are not already infected with hpv16 virus.
- Opines that research has made the public aware that hpv is an emerging virus that one needs to protect himself/herself against.
- Cites american cancer society (2011), cancer facts and figures 2011, and california medical association foundation. cervical cancer and std project.
Related
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- Preventing Cervical Cancer through HPV Vaccinationsexplanatory essaySchiffman, M., Castle, P. E., Jeronimo, J., Rodriguez, A. C., & Wacholder, S. (2007). Human papilloma virus and cervical cancer. The Lancet, 890-907.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cervical cancer is the second most common cancer for women, yet it's the most prevalent cancer of the reproductive system.
- Explains that cervical cancer is preventable with regular screening tests, such as a pap smear, which looks for precancerous cells.
- Explains that hpv can infect the mouth and throat, cause genital warts and cancer, and can be passed both heterosexually and homosexually.
- Explains that there are two hpv vaccines available in the united states. gardisil and cervarix protect against the human papilloma virus.
- Opines that patients need to be educated about routine cervical cancer screenings and the importance of hpv vaccinations.
- Cites hpv (human papillomavirus) gardasil® vis from the centers for disease control and prevention, united states department of health and human services.
850 wordsRead More - Oral Cancer Essayexplanatory essayAlmost 263,020 oral cavity cancers, and 127,654 oral cancer deaths occur worldwide each year1. On January 1, 2010, in the US there were approximately 275,193 women and men alive who had a history of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (181,084 men and 94,109 women)2. The 5-year survival rate of patients with oral cancer remains almost unchanged despite various treatment improvements in the last three decades3. Individuals at high risk of developing oral cancer (OC) are mainly older, males, heavy users of alcohol and tobacco, and have a poor diet and low socioeconomic status4, 5. Recent studies have implicated HPV infection as an independent risk factor for oro-pharyngeal cancers6, 7. For oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the role of HPV remains controversial8.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the 5-year survival rate of patients with oral cancer remains almost unchanged despite various treatment improvements in the last three decades.
- Explains that oscc initiates in a multi-step process in which normal cells are transformed into preneoplastic cells and then to cancer. the majority of oral cancers are preceded by visible changes of the oral mucosa.
- Explains that early detection of oral cancer has the potential to decrease the morbidity and mortality of the disease, especially in high-risk individuals.
- Explains that the study was approved by the boston university medical campus institutional review board. patients were asked socio-demographic information, self-reported medical history, tobacco and alcohol habits, and anthropometric measurements of height and weight to calculate body mass index.
- Explains that individuals with opmd were classified as cases and those free of both opioma and any other oral mucosal disease as controls.
- Describes the distribution of patient characteristics, including demographics, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. to explore the relationship between opmds and risk factors, they used logistic regression models.
- Explains that 3,142 patients (54.3%, females) received a comprehensive examination of the oral cavity. tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption were reported.
- Explains that male patients were associated with higher odds of having opmd, whereas current tobacco smokers were twice as likely to have one. daily alcohol consumption did not increase the risk.
- Explains that oral visual and tactile examination is a non-invasive tool that can result in earlier diagnosis of opmds and other oral mucosal diseases.
- Argues that oral cancer screenings should be part of the complete dental examination for all patients. primary prevention should focus on the prevention of cancer by avoiding known carcinogens.
- Explains that their results must be interpreted in the context of limitations of the investigation. larger studies are necessary to further explore the association between smoking tobacco, alcohol consumption and opmds.
- Opines that a thorough visual and tactile examination in dental patients is warranted to detect any suspicious lesions and potentially increase survival.
1324 wordsRead More - Intervention to Increase HPV Vaccinationexplanatory essayHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (see Figure 1), and linked to a variety of cancers prevalent in both men and women (CDC, 2013; Dempsey, Cohn, Dalton, & Ruffin, 2009). The discovery that infectious agents can cause cancers opened the door for a new cancer prevention strategy – vaccination. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified vaccines against infectious agents as a major public health achievement in the fight against preventable diseases, which even led to the eradication of smallpox (Koppaka, 2011). Vaccines capable of preventing cancers have been a goal for many years. In 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the HPV vaccine, Gardasil™, for use in boys and young men (Gilbert et al., 2010).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that human papillomavirus (hpv) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and linked to a variety of cancers prevalent in both men and women.
- Explains that gardasiltm effectively prevents all four cancer-related hpv types in males.
- Explains that more than 90% of genital warts are caused by hpv types 6 and 11, and 34% of strains cause both nononcogenetic and oncogenic types.
- Explains that the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) recommended routine, universal vaccination of females 9–26 years of age. however, the acip did not recommend it for routine use as previously done for girls.
- Explains that females would receive some benefits from the acip recommendation to routinely vaccinate them due to a general reduction in circulating hpv in the population.
636 wordsRead More - Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancerexplanatory essay...th HPV are unaware that they have it which makes it that much more dangerous because that is how it spreads faster. More women in the United States are being diagnosed with cervical cancer each year, but hopefully with cervical cancer awareness that will change.
In this essay, the author
- Explains cervical cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the cervix tissue in women. the most important risk factor is the human papillomavirus, also known as, hpv.
- Explains that cervical cancer is the fourth deadliest cancer for women all over the world.
- Explains that cervical cancer occurs when normal cells in the cervix undergo pre-cancerous changes that then become cancer. these changes can be revealed through a pap smear test.
- Explains that squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are the two main types of cervical cancer.
- Explains that pre-cancerous changes cause cervical cancer, but only some women with cervix skills will develop cancer. pre-cancer to cancer progression usually takes several years but can sometimes occur in less than one year.
- Explains that cervical cancer is most often caused by oncogenic human papillomaviruses.
- Explains that hpv infections are the most frequently sexually transmitted infections in america.
- Explains that sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses are organized into two categories: low- and high-risk hpv's. they can cause warts on or around the genitals and/or anus.
- Explains that the best way to prevent human papilloma virus is to avoid skin-to-skin oral, anal, and genital contact with other people.
- Explains that the best way to prevent cervical cancer is by treating pre-cancers before they become cancers.
- Explains the different types of treatment for cervical cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and a combination of all three when necessary.
- Opines that cervical cancer can be caused by a lot of different factors, but the main one to be cautious of is the human papillomavirus.
- Cites the national cancer institute, cancertopics, factsheet, risk, hpv, cdc, american cancer society, and cervicalcancer.
1193 wordsRead More - HPV Vaccine Essayopinionated essaystop the spread of cervical cancer women must take the HPV vaccine the only protection against
In this essay, the author
- Advises people to avoid cancer, skin warts, and skin cancer.
- Opines that even though some people disagree with the hpv vaccine because of lack of advice, it is important to educate and educate.
- Explains that warts are small tumors caused by one type of hpv. they are benign but not cancerous.
- Opines that the human papilloma vaccine is the only method to prevent and reduce the spread of genital warts.
- Explains that the hpv vaccine can help prevent cervical cancer, and a regular pap test can detect it.
- Opines that to reduce the number of cervical cancer women need to know about the hpv vaccine and take it.
- Explains that skin warts are contagious and enter the skin through a cut or scratch and cause cells to multiply.
548 wordsRead More - Cervical Cancer and The HPV Vaccine Controversy: Where are the men? Where is the money?analytical essayCervical cancer is the leading cause of cancerous death, in women, since 1950. Approximately 200,000 cervical cancer patients die each year in developing countries. Strains like HPV 16 and 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancer in women– one of the top causes of death in the world (WebMD, 2010, p.1). In the Unites States, about 10,000 women acquire the disease and 3,700 die annually Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is directly associated as a cause of cervical cancer. This virus affects the skin and genital area and, in some cases, it can also infect the throat and mouth. Since the HPV is passed from one person to another through skin-to-skin or sexual contact, sexually active people are more prone to this virus. Merck pharmaceuticals, in November 2006, began a lobbying and advertising campaign through which they aimed to promote the mandatory vaccination for young women with the vaccine, Gardasil. Some argue that mandatory vaccination is good for females .However, feminists emphatically argue that the HPV vaccine should not be mandatory for young women because of the fact that there are large expenses associated with the vaccine that could lead to conflict of interest, the fact that men carry this virus yet there is no push to vaccinate them and the fact that it is not clear that the vaccine has been sufficiently tested to ensure women’s safety.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancerous death, in women, since 1950. in the united states, about 10,000 women acquire the disease and 3,700 die annually.
- Explains that merck pharmaceuticals funded initiatives in the united states that were in favour of mandatory vaccinations. critics argue that the vaccine promotes promiscuity and consent for premarital sex.
- Argues that the fda is under pressure from drug companies and that this may hurt its objectivity.
- Argues that if men carry the human papilloma virus, why is there no push to vaccinate them?
- Argues that if men get the vaccination before they become carriers, they cannot pass on hpv on to women.
- Argues that the safety of the hpv vaccine is under controversy. the manufacturer, merck, lobbied legislators to make the vaccine mandatory.
- Opines that if a drug is targeted specifically toward young girls, it should also be targeted towards young men. the power of the healer is often maintained by promoting fear, rather than strength, on the part of patients.
1801 wordsRead More - Assessing the Role of HPV in Head and Neck Carcinoma Formationanalytical essayIn 2009, 650,000 new cases of head and neck cancer were diagnosed around the world03; in the United States, this cancer subset has the fifth highest incidence and the sixth highest mortality among all types of cancer05. The risk factors associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (herein, HNSCC) have changed drastically over the last thirty years – now, more individuals are being diagnosed with diseases linked to HPV, rather than alcohol or tobacco use01,02,03,04,05. This burden is borne disproportionately among the African-American community who have a lower overall disease incidence, but have higher rates of mortality, more dire side effects, and worse health outcomes associated with an HNSCC diagnosis. In this literature synthesis, I will focus specifically on the formation of HNSCC, its risk factors, and the potential implications of HPV infection on HNSCC development.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that in 2009, 650,000 new cases of head and neck cancer were diagnosed around the world; in the united states, this subset has the fifth highest incidence and the sixth highest mortality among all types of cancer.
- Explains how two different search methods were used to locate articles for this literature synthesis.
- Explains that hpv-positive hnscc cases are associated with high rates of smoking and alcohol use, and moderate marijuana use.
- Explains that conflicting information exists about the interaction of hnscc risk factors. some research has demonstrated that heavy alcohol and tobacco use has a synergistic effect with hpv infection04, while others state that tobacco and alcohol use are independent
- Explains that few clinical articles discussed the survival and health outcome differences between races. caucasians are more likely to have hpv-positive hnscc than are african-americans.
- Explains that the most common method of assessing the presence of hpv was through pathologic sample analysis; rates of infection ranged from 44%01 to 60%04 to 93%05 of those samples studied.
- Argues that there is conflicting evidence as to whether individuals with hpv-positive hnscc have a greater chance at long-term survival than those with the disease.
- Opines that the burden associated with hpv-positive hnscc is expected to increase significantly.
- Explains that the quality of the literature reviewed in this synthesis was rather high. the only problem was the sample size each study used to assess the impact of hpv on hnscc.
- Argues that individuals should not engage in risky sexual behavior and minimize their risk of contracting hpv. dentists are integral in the early diagnosis of hnscc.
- Opines that research needs to be done to further connect hpv with hnscc. the biological and clinical reasoning for the increased incidence rates of the disease among caucasians and men is still unknown.
- Argues that policy makers can help reduce or eliminate the ever-increasing number of cases of hnscc in the united states.
- Cites chaturvedi, a.k., angels, pfeiffer, hernandez, ziao, cozen, liu, wentzensen, jordan, altekruse, anderson, rosenberg, & gillison.
- Cites d’souza, kreimer, viscidi, pawlita, fakhry, koch, westra, & gillison for the case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer.
- Explains that human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas has predictive significance.
- Explains that human papillomavirus status in young patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
- Explains that papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is changing trends.
1647 wordsRead More - Crvical Cancer Essayexplanatory essayCervical cancer can be a very deadly disease if not taken care of, so it is advised to be informed and get prepared. Since cervical cancer is so common in women, knowing the basics, including the causes, symptoms, tests, treatments, stages, and preventions, can be helpful in so many ways. Cervical cancer would not be such a big problem throughout the world if it these women take precautions. In other words, its time for women to take action in order to control it.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cervical cancer is a cancer that occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix grow out of control and cause many health problems. many people do not know the causes, symptoms, tests, treatments, stages and prevention for this cancer.
- Explains that cervical cancer is caused by the human papilloma virus (hpv), which is spread through intercourse when one sexual partner has it.
- Explains the symptoms of cervical cancer, including vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause, and pelvic pain. not all symptoms occur at once but it is advised to see the doctor immediately.
- Explains that doctors usually do a pelvic exam, pap smear, and colposcopy to find traces of cervical cancer.
- Explains that the earlier you find out you have cervical cancer, the better. stage i is when the cancer is confined to the cervix and stage ii includes the pelvic side wall or the lower portion of the vagina.
- Explains that preventing cervical cancer is the key to eliminating this disease. people who smoke should stop smoking since smoking increases chances of getting any kind of cancer.
- Explains that cervical cancer can be deadly if not taken care of, so it is advised to be informed and get prepared. knowing the basics, including the causes, symptoms, tests, treatments, stages, and preventions, is helpful.
653 wordsRead More - Cervical Cancer in Caucasian Women Ages 25-35explanatory essayCervical cancer is one cancer which can be prevented in our world today. Women need to know what causes cervical cancer along with the signs and symptoms to look for. The Pap smear screening is the test which can find cervical cancer. It is a cancer to which age does not really matter. Most women are in the menopausal phase of life when this cancer occurs. This cancer does not care about age because it does affect younger women. “Cervical Cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide” (Adegoke, Kulasingam &Virnig, 2012).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cervical cancer can be prevented by pap smear screening. it is a cancer to which age doesn't matter because it affects younger women.
- Explains that women need to know the risk factors, screenings, and treatments for cervical cancer, such as an abnormal pap, hpv infection, low ses, obesity, long-term use of oral contraceptives, etc.
- Explains that the pap smear test, developed specifically to detect cervical cancer, is uncomfortable and can be embarrassing for some women.
- Explains that cervical cancer is primarily thought to be caused by hpv. nurses should be teaching patients about risk factors and signs and symptoms.
- Advises women to avoid pap smears if they have a family history of gynecologic cancers.
- Explains that the nurse is important because she can explain to the patient what each test do and why each one is done. treatment depends on the stage of cancer.
- Opines that cervical cancer can be prevented with a pap smear. diagnosis and treatment are the best when it is found early.
- Explains frazier, m. s., and drymkowski, j. w. essentials of human diseases and conditions.
- Explains that women's knowledge and awareness of gynecologic cancer: a multisite qualitative study in the united states.
- Explains that cervical cancer trends in the united states: a35-year population-based analysis.
1092 wordsRead More - Syphilis: Alive and Wellexplanatory essayRoberts, Richard B. (1999). Sexually transmitted diseases. Weill Medical College of Cornell University. Retrieved April 4, 2004, from: http: //www.edcenter.med.cornell.edu
In this essay, the author
- Explains that syphilis is alive and well today and a very active participant in that select club known as sexually transmitted infections (sti).
- Explains that syphilis is an infection caused by a bacteria called treponema pallidum.
- Explains that syphilis is similar to other sexually transmitted diseases in the manner that it is transmitted. the best ways to avoid infection is by abstinence or "safe sexuality."
- Explains that syphilis is one of the few sexually transmitted infections that can kill, aids being the other one. there is a known, very effective treatment that cures an individual.
- Explains that the first documented cases of syphilis appeared in europe shortly after christopher columbus and his crew returned to the harbor of palos, spain on march 15, 1493.
- Explains that the new world/ columbian theory holds that syphilis was endemic on the island of modern-day haiti, when christopher columbus and his crew discovered this island.
- Explains that the old world/ pre-columbian theory holds that syphilis originated in central africa and was introduced to europe prior to the voyage of christopher columbus.
- Explains that syphilis was associated with stigmas and embarrassment, and that many great and/or famous individuals died from it.
- Explains that syphilis is a preventative and curable disease that requires only one dose of benzathine or aqueous crystaline penicillin to cure it.
- Explains that people used bloodletting, steam box fever therapy, intercourse with a healthy virgin, the wood of the guaiac tree, malaria, and arsenic to treat or attempt to cure syphilis.
- Explains that syphilis is not a single stage infection. it develops through four distinct stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary
- Explains the primary stage of syphilis, which develops immediately after the bacteria's entry into the body. the main symptom of this stage is a chancre (a clear, painless, firm blister-like sore).
- Explains that syphilis is often referred to as the great imitator. the symptoms at this stage are reddish-brown rash, conylomata lata, mucous patches on the mouth or genitals, and flu-like feeling.
- Explains that the latent stage is characterized by a relative absence of external symptoms and will develop from two to thirty years plus after the initial infection.
- Explains that syphilis is no longer contagious, but one wonders how many people would actually feel like engaging in activities that could spread the bacteria.
- Explains that the saddest form of syphilis is the congenital stage, which is passed from a mother to her unborn child.
- Opines that syphilis is not a pleasant affliction to contract. with advances in medicine, few cases of latent or tertiary stage exist today.
- Explains that syphilis is of importance today because it is still infecting and is concentrated in certain segments of our population.
- Explains that the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) launched a national plan to eliminate syphilis in 1999, which would reduce health care costs by $1 billion annually.
- Concludes that syphilis is a horrible disease that has reeked havoc on mankind since the late1400's.
- Cites cdc's syphilis elimination communication plan and sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2002.
- Cites frey, rebecca, hayden, deborah, marquis, julie, national institute of health, bethesda, md.
- Cites roberts, richard b., weill medical college of cornell university, and rose, mark. origins of syphilis.
2413 wordsRead More