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Corruption in law Enforcement Introduction
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1. Corruption in Germany and Vietnam
In recent years, the issue of corruption has attracted a great deal of attention by society, far exceeding that of all other economic development indicators. This increased scope on the issue of corruption is comprehensible, given its hindrance on the development, growth and stability of a nations’ legal, political and financial structure. Corruption, as simply put by Transparency International, can be defined as the “misuse of public power for private benefit” and is most effectively measured on an indicator such as the corruption perceptions index (CPI).
The corruption perceptions index compiles the research of expert assessments and opinion surveys throughout the world, ranking countries on a scale of 0 to 100 (with 0 being the most corrupt) to reflect the perceived level of corruption in a country. On this index, Vietnam falls at 116th of 177 countries with a score of 31 whilst Germany, is relatively clean sitting at 12th of 177 countries with a score of 78, being indicative of the large disparity in their perceived corruption levels.
This noticeable gap has been largely driven by forces such as law enforcement practices and the maturity of their judicial frameworks. Of the corruption measurement tools, the key indicator is the human development index which serves as a frame of reference for the standard of living in countries, with Germany ranking at 9th contrastive to that of Vietnam at 128th of 177 countries.
Corruption, poverty and unemployment levels go hand in hand with the poorer people forced to bribe just to meet their daily requirements of essentials such as food, clothing, healthcare and shelter. The more affluent individuals in society however will similarly try to extort o...
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...e Chinese businesses have already suspended their production in Vietnam.
In order to hedge against such political risks, the firm could choose to utilize derivatives such as futures and swaps however given the illiquidity of the Vietnamese market this would not be the most viable option. For impending foreign investors in the Vietnamese market, purchasing insurance against such geopolitical risks that could impact cash inflows such as that currently arising in the South China sea. This process however could be very costly with potential difficulties in pressurizing those parties responsible due to heightened risks respective of expropriation and property rights. The level of enforcement and maturity of the legal and financial structure, thus play a considerable role in the effectiveness of the hedging strategies with inherent political risk still being imminent.
When dealing with corruption, first question to ask or to clarify is what corruption is. NSW Research (2002) describes corruption anything from gaining materialistically by virtue of position (for eg. getting a special discount at stores) to engaging in ‘direct criminal activities’ (eg. selling drugs). Newburn (1999) believes that there is a thin line between the definition of ‘corrupt’ and ‘non-corrupt’ activities as at the end, it is an ethical problem. For common people, however, bribery generalises corruption.
Corruption is something that is motivated by greed and fraud. It’s a very threatening personality that controls and destroys people’s lives and makes them the kind of person other people don’t want to associate with.
Corruption consists in the illegitimate agreement between a corruptor and a corrupted, in which they abuse of their public power in order to obtain personal benefit. Bribery and corruption is something that has been going on for years. According to Allen, “officials perceive themselves as immune to any penalties for demanding and receiving bribes” which she states that it is one of the main reasons for bribery and corruption in underdeveloped countries. According to Transparency International, an organization committed exclusively to end corruption, three of the most corrupt countries in the world are Somalia, North Korea and Afghanistan. This does not mean that corruption is only seen in underdeveloped countries. In international business, corporate employees often find themselves dealing with corruptors in foreign countries and, in most cases, they will give in.
Bribery poses difficulties on moral grounds because it is incompatible with the principal of human equality and the fundamental right for individuals to be treated with equal respect and concern. For an institution to adhere to this principle, they must operate with fairness and impartiality: nobody should have access to influence that is not accessible to all. Bribery operates as part of a mechanism by which influence is only available ...
The Indian Express. India ranked 94th in Corruption Perception Index ratings says Transparency International. The Indian Express. December 5 2012. Web. Available at: http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-ranked-94th-in-corruption-perception-index-ratings-says-transparency-international/1040857/
corruption and equal protection under the law for citizens regardless of wealth via legal and judicial
The Corruption can define is one of major the problem of corruption is a deviation from the individuals and the prevailing value system adopted in government institutions what drives individuals to practice deviant behaviors. According to Dennies Thompson define the corruption theory is that corrupt consider to be dieses of the body political (Dennies Thompson 1995) as result of that underdevelopment countries such as Kenya in Africa and Pakistan in Asia has suffer from high rate of corruption in government .The political corruption in the underdevelopment states can find especially in institutional level of countries. The in institutional corruption in perspective of the World Bank is that the World Bank, the abuse of police office for private gain, corruption occurs when an employee to accept or request, or blackmail or bribe, to facilitate contract or conduct. Moreover, the second damnation of the in health care’s aspect in Kenya and Pakistan the number of death case increased especially among women and babies. The third domination is education system corruption in curriculums when the most important system in the state is corrupt that leads to the weakness the state and the role of power as result to destroy community or state.
Bribery is wrong, and it would be almost instinctive to point at the benefits of impartially functioning public servants and incorrupt corporations to our democratic society as justification. However, in this imperfect world where bribery is rife in varying degrees, is it possible to express this notion convincingly? Certainly 'because the UK Bribery Act says so' is far less persuasive to a council planning office in Shanghai than in London, and indeed in compliance with section 7 of the Bribery Act 2010 which relates to commercial offences, it is essential that this question is engaged with on a corporate scale and without assertion through dogma. Accordingly, this essay will argue that elements wrong with bribery are inclusive of both moral and economic considerations. Moreover, in conjunction with international mandates, advent of aggressive legislation such as that of the UK Bribery Act 2010 is representative of global efforts to eliminate bribery. Hence, it follows that bribery can never be considered a normal part of business because it is economically unsustainable in the long term.
The procedure of giving and taking bribe is called ‘corruption’, and almost in all countries around the world it is forbidden; as a result, participating in this procedure leads to some punishments. Kind of punishment may vary depending on countries’ law; therefore, in one country it can be some monetary fine, while in other
This essay will attempt to explore the relationship between the two from the definitions, causes, consequences and the solutions. Corruption can be defined as the abuse of public power for private gain. (World Bank, 2004) Corruption is attracting a lot of attention around the world, and is a growing international and regional concern. According to Corruption Around the world (Tanzi, 1998), in its end-of-year editorial on December 31, 1995, The Financial Times characterized 1995 as the year of corruption.
In 2012,Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index ranked India 94th out 176 countries. "It is not about petty bribes (bakshish) any more, but scams to the tune of billions of rupees that highlight a political/industry nexus which, if not checked, could have a far reaching impact”(KMPG,2012).Corruption poses a risk to India’s GDP growth and continual level of Corruption will lead to a volatile political and economic environment.Almost half of India’s economy runs in the informal or black market sector, ‘shadow economies’ permeate the lives of every citizen.What seems on the surface as broken,dysfunctional system,operates smoothly with ease for those with money and power.Whereas,for an Average citizen, access is limited and a reminder of a failed democracy.In this essay I will be looking more deeply into the issues of Corruption and how it has impacted the Indian economy.
Crime and corruption are not relevant to the degree of poverty present in a country as some of you might think. Corruption is a social phenomenon that every society deals with, regardless of the level of development in the country. What makes corruption a dangerous social phenomenon is its ability to adapt to the conditions present in any country. If the country is highly developed, then organized crime and illegal practices are spread inside the government in the form of taking bribes, discrimination according to status, and tampering with legal evidence. Lower levels of societal corruption are present in the forms of mafias that gain power by making the poor poorer. In this project, I would like to focus on the corruption taking place in South Africa.
Government officials trusted by the people are nowadays the ones involved in the major issue in the country which is Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) Scam, or the pork-barre...
Corruption and fraud is a relevant topic in South Africa and will continue to be so until it is able to be limited. Corruption is committed mainly by people in power as they neglect and take advantage of this power in order to better themselves at the expense of others. Fraud and corruption is the wrongful or criminal deception that results in financial or personal gain. Government officials, police officers and some unexpected individuals such as law officials have been known to commit corruption and fraud. There have been cases of corruption in the 2014 elections and the political parties have seen that it is something the community is concerned over. Each party has addressed this concern and suggested ways in which to limit this corruption. Not only is corruption morally wrong, but it causes trust problems between the community and people in power, the people who are meant to help society. (1)
Corruption has far reaching ramifications to the society, it is everyone's responsibility to fight it. It must be tackled at the national and grassroots levels. To do this, the public must be enlightened on the forms and the ways to deal with it. We risk human extinction, if we do not act quickly.