Anion gap is the difference of anion level and cation level within organism body fluid. The common cation that being measured are sodium ion and potassium ion, but potassium ion usually not included within the calculation due to very low amount within human body fluid (Emmett and Narins, 1977, pp. 38). The common anions used in the calculation of anion gap are chloride ion and bicarbonate ion. The calculation of anion gap as following:
[(Na2+ + K+) − (Cl- + HCO3- )]
(Wilson, 2012, p. 907)
Usually, potassium ion is not included due to low concentration and stable amount. Therefore, the calculation is adjusted as following:
[(Na2+) − (Cl- + HCO3- )]
(Emmett and Narins, 1977, pp. 38)
The normal level of anion gap is in range of 3-11 mEq/L (Winter and Pearson et al., 1990, p. 311). Higher range will cause high anion gap which leads to metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis caused acidification of body fluid which due to high amount of anion and low concentration of bicarbonate ion (Alpern and Moe et al., 2012, p. 2049). There are two types of metabolic acidosis, elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis and normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
Elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis
Elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis, usually caused by ‘foreign’ anion inside human fluid. This situation might be due to accumulation of organic acid such as lactic acid. Examples of the acidosis are lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis (Oh and Carroll, 1977, pp. 815)
Given case study patient A, age 32 years old male that diagnosed Type 1 diabetes since age 14 years old. This patient was taken to hospitals due to several symptoms such as drowsiness, fever, cough, abdominal pain and vomiting. This patient also undergoes dehydration and having puls...
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b) Comprehensive diagnostic chemistry panel with significantly increased amylase (1626 with normal being 300-1100 U/L), total
The observations that led to this pH value can be found in the table above. Once the colors were observed, the observations were compared to that of the previous salts in order to help determine the overall pH. The unknown salt had very similar colors to the ZnCl2 for each indicator, so the range of pH was based around the same values.
One of the main issues is that patients tend to suffer from anosognosia. Anosognosia is a condition in
This occurs when the systemic arterial blood is above 26mEq/liter and the blood pH is above 7.45 (Tortora, 2014). The cause of metabolic alkalosis is too much bicarbonate in the blood, prolonged vomiting, and extreme lack of potassium. When the regular compensatory mechanisms are not working, respiratory compensation through hypoventilation help bring back pH level to normal leaving HCO3- high. Lung assist in compensatory mechanism. Treating metabolic alkalosis consist of correcting Cl-, K+, and other electrolyte deficiencies by providing fluid solutions. Older age compromises the acid-base balance in metabolic alkalosis due to inadequate fluid intake of more water than Na+ which occur through vomiting, feces, or urine. These changes are associated with the kidney.
Is the primary process metabolic or respiratory? Why? Metabolic increased pH due to excess of HCO3.
Also, it had provided enough trials to find an accurate volume of Ca(OH)₂. The data collected gave enough information to find the mol of H⁺ ions which equaled the mol of OH⁻ ions because of neutralization. Furthermore, this helped to find the concentration of OH⁻, which helped find the concentration of Ca²⁺ because every 2 OH⁻ ions have one Ca²⁺ ion. That is why the concentration of Ca²⁺ was half of the concentration of OH⁻. With these two concentrations the Ksp was found which was 2.92 x 10^⁻⁵. The actual Ksp is 5.5 x 10^⁻⁶, therefore, there is a big difference. In fact, the percentage error is 431%. This could of happened because of some sources of errors in the
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