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research paper on tetralogy of fallot
research paper on tetralogy of fallot
tetralogy of fallot research paper
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Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare condition caused by a combination of four heart defects that are present at birth. These defects, which affect the structure of the heart, cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and to the rest of the body. Infants and children that are diagnosed with Tetralogy of fallot have blood that does not carry enough oxygen throughout their body, and that will cause the infants and children to have blue-tinged skin. Tetralogy of fallot is usually diagnosed during infancy or sooner. However, Tetralogy of Fallot may not be diagnosed until adulthood, depending on the severity of the defects and symptoms. Symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot include cyanosis, which is a bluish coloration of the skin due to low blood oxygen …show more content…
Tet spells are most common in young infants, around 2 to 4 months old. Toddlers or older children might squat when they are short of breath, which helps increase blood flow to the lungs. Tetralogy of Fallot is caused during fetal growth, when the baby's heart is developing. While factors such as maternal nutrition, viral illness or genetic disorders might increase the risk of this condition, in most cases the cause of Tetralogy of Fallot is unknown. There are four defects that are present at birth that cause this condition; They are, pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. some children or adults who have Tetralogy of Fallot may have other heart defects, such as a hole between the heart's upper chambers (atrial septal defect), a right aortic arch or abnormalities of the coronary arteries. Diagnosis of Tetralogy of Fallot include a physical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and cardiac catheterization. Tetralogy of Fallot is treated by surgery, which is the only effective treatment for Tetralogy of
Cyanosis is a disorder which causes “bluish discoloration” to the skin, specifically around the mucus membranes or nail beds. There are two types of Cyanosis disorders, depending on where the cyanotic discoloration is occurring. For example, if the cyanotic discoloration is occurring around the nasal or oral tissue membranes, this type of cyanosis would be described as Central Cyanosis. In the same matter, if the bluish discoloration is occurring in extremities such as toes or fingers, it would be called peripheral cyanosis (acrocyanosis). Both of these types of cyanosis disorders derive from problems in hemoglobin oxygen intake, however the body reacts differently towards central cyanosis as opposed to peripheral cyanosis.
Despite Tang empress of china, Wu Zetian, and Egypt’s Pharaoh Hatshepsut leadership being underrated and infamous, these two women had their similarities and differences during their reign, beginning from striving to achieve leadership and power and later ruling their respective empires. Wu Zetian, also known as Wu Zhao was a woman who strived to get what she desired and even used manipulation and violence for anyone who would cross her way. With stunning beauty and talent, Wu managed her way to the emperors’ side. Hatshepsut became emperor upon the death of her father claiming that her father wished for her to be the next pharaoh. These two notorious women brought out the best of their empires and provided a reign of gloriousness.
In his painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, Bruegel uses the motif of perspective to convey the notion that people become so absorbed in their everyday lives that they don’t notice what is happening around them. The plowman is an example of the perspective of the painting. The plowman is located in the center of the painting. Viewer’s eyes are drawn to the plowman because he is wearing a bright red shirt which contrasts the neutral colors around him. His head is looking down towards the field, and not paying attention to anything else around him. Another example of the perspective is the shepherd. The shepherd is resting his head on his crook, while the sheep graze around him. There are light colors around the shepherd and he is also located in the center of the painting. Another example of how Bruegel uses
Cardiovascular disease is one of the most leading causes of death of both men and women. There are different types of cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, carotid artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and heart failure just to name a few (World Heart Federation). Being a celebrity has many advantages, but it does not exclude one from heart health complications.
.... Tetralogy of Fallot occurs during fetal growth when the baby’s heart is developing. In most cases the cause of this disease is unknown.
...ve Achondroplasia. Clinical laboratories have available testing for the FGFR3 gene. When a child is diagnosed with Achondroplasia, parents should look for changes in bowel or bladder function, muscle weakness, and asymmetrical reflexes or respiratory problems. Many babies with Achondroplasia have troubles with repeating ear infections. Some may need ear tubes, which are placed into the ear to allow air in the middle ear to help lower the chances of ear infections. Without these tubes, the baby could lose its hearing. The spinal cord can also get compressed, making the upper airway obstructed, and increasing the risk of death for the baby. People with Achondroplasia also have breathing problems, during this breathing either stops or slows down for short amounts of time. ("GeneFacts")
The Romans were a well-established civilization of immense power in the Hellenistic era, conquering nearly the whole Italian Peninsula and most of Europe. Unfortunately, a time of continuous difficulty led Rome to its decline in 476 CE. The fall of Rome can be characterized as a series of troubling events that provoked an influx of citizens to Catholicism in the hope of receiving eternal salvation. Most importantly, it allowed the Catholic Church to rise in power from 590 to 1517 CE and become the most dominating and influential community in Europe. For one, Rome was unable to govern its excessively large empire, which set the beginning of a steady economic decline. Moreover, not only did the invasion of the barbarians on Western Rome cause
Heart valve defects include narrowing of the valves or complete closure that stops forward blood flow. Some valves do not close properly allowing blood to leak backwards. Defects in the walls between the atria and ventricles of the heart may allow abnormal mixing of oxygenated and un-oxygenated blood between the left side and the right side of the heart. Heart muscles defects often lead to heart failure due to the muscle not working properly. The vital signs that detects a congenital birth defect is a pulse oximeter and blood pressure.
Over the course of about 50 years (234-285 A.D.), before its split, Rome had about 35 different emperors, according to most historians. All these short reigns did not help the unity of the empire, as it suffered invasions, civil war, and economic problems, among other things. Historians say that the emperors were assassinated one after another by citizens of high class who fought to be Rome’s next leaders, though they were never really approved to be its rightful representative. This civil war worried the population, corrupted their education, and soon, the taxes and prices rose, leading the empire into poverty. Finally, in the year 285 A.D., Diocletian was proclaimed Rome’s new emperor and a few years later (392 A.D.), he strategically splits the immense Roman Empire in half, each with a senior and junior emperor, also known as “tetrarchy” government and a capital. The idea of having this kind of government was to try to stop people from claiming themselves emperors. The East side of Rome was renamed Byzantine with Constantinople as its capital, (named after Constantine) and the West, Rome. It was split due to the Empire’s
ALBINISM Albinism. The word albinism refers to a group of inherited conditions. People with albinism have little or no pigment in their eyes, skin, or hair. Recently a test has been developed to identify carriers of the gene for ty-neg albinism and for other types in which the tyrosianase enzyme does not function. The test uses a sample of blood to identify the gene for the tryrosinase enzymes by its code in DNA. The above test does not apply to to one type of albinism, called X-linked ocular albinism. For X-linked inheritance, the gene for albinism is located on an X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males only have one X and one Y chromosome. This X-linked albinism accurs exclusively in males. The gene is passed from mothers who carry it to their sons. The mothers have subtle eye changes which an ophthalmogist could identigy, but mothers usually have normal vision. For each son born to a mother who carries the gene, there is one in two chance of having X-linked ocular albinism. The description is a hereditary deficiency pigmentation. This could involve the entire body or part of the body. This is believed to be caused by an enzyme deficiency involving the metabolism of melanin during prenatal development. This can be inherited by an dominant or recessive trait. In complete albinism, there is lack of pigmentation in skin and hair, as well as in retinal and iris tissue; in incomplete albinism, skin and hair may vary from pale to normal; in ocular albinism, function may vary from norma to impaired. Impairments may involve the retina and iris. If a person has albinism then they usually have somewhere between 20/70 and 20/200 visual. Ty-Neg albinism or also called type 1A results from a genetic defect in an enzyme called tyrosinase. Tyrosinase helps the body to change the amino acid tyrosine into pigment. An amino acid is a building block of protien. Albinism is passed from parent to their kid through genes. For nearly all types of albinism both parent must carry an albinism gene to have a child with albinism. Parents may have normal pigmentation but still carry the gene. When both parents carry the gene, there is a one in four chance at each pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism. This type of inheritance is called autosomal recessive inheritance.
Obviously, the subject of the movie “A Little Romance” is an archetypal romance. Many aspects of the story support this assertion. For example, the plot- Lauren and Daniel embark on a quest to Venice. Eventually, these two young lovers enjoy a triumphant return. Also, the archetypal characters help establish that it is a romance; Lauren represents a royal birth, with her glamorous upbringing and obvious affluence, and Daniel represents humble beginnings. With his sleazy behavior and relative power, the director is the evil king. Both Lauren and Daniel have a false parent, but Lauren’s mom doubles as a blocking parent. Young and in love, the couple must navigate these pitfalls and others with the help of two wise men- Julius and Lauren’s stepfather-
The Roman Empire was, for a long period of time, one of the greatest and largest Empires in the world. Rome had conquered most of Europe and parts of Asia and Africa too, and it stretched an area of over 2500 miles across and 1000 miles in length. Although the size of the Empire was extraordinary, like all Empires, it fell. There are a number of factors that contributed to the demise of the Roman Empire such as the introduction of Christianity, the economy, constant war or the division of the Empire but these factors would all take hundreds of years for the fall of Rome.
Travertine TRAVERTINE is a form of massive calcium carbonate, CaCO3 resulting from deposition by springs or rivers. It is often beautifully colored and banded as a result of the presence of iron compounds or other (e.g., organic) impurities. This material is variously known as calc-sinter and calcareous tufa and (when used for decorative purposes) as onyx marble, Mexican onyx, and Egyptian or Oriental alabaster. Travertine is generally less coarse-grained and takes a higher polish than stalactite and stalagmite, which are similar in chemical composition and origin. Travertine, the stone of the Colosseum and St. Peters as well as of several structures in New York and Philadelphia, is not a volcanic tufa but calcareous sediment that was deposited on the ground by the hot springs that first began to flow during the earliest eruptions of the Alban volcanoes. The best quality, in fact the only reliable one in Latium, is that which is found between Bagni and the Sabine hills below Tivoli. Lanciani, who has fascinatingly described the quarries there, estimated that five and a half million cubic meters of stone had been extracted from the ancient quarry alone. And yet, because of its position under a flat grass-grown plain, the Romans did not discover the existence of this remarkable stone till after the middle of the second century B. C.; and even after that they failed for a century to develop a system of extracting the stone in a sufficiently easy way to make the extensive use of it practicable. In the later decades of the second century B. C. it displaced peperino for inscriptional monuments for obvious reasons. Its employment in large structures cannot with certainty be posited before the construction of the Mulvian bridge in 109,...
Fall is sudden, unpredicted, unintentional occurrence resulting in-patient landing on ground or at lower level. Falls and fall related injuries incur cost for the patient as well as the health cares system. The fall has a significant impact in patient quality of life and usually fall has many reasons to happen. Thus, preventing falls among patients in healthcare settings requires a complex approach, and recognition, evaluation and prevention of patient falls are significant challenges. Falls are a common cause of injury and the leading cause of nonfatal injuries and trauma-related hospitalizations in the United States (Barton, 2009). Falls occur in all types of healthcare institutions and to all patient populations. Up to 12% of hospitalized patients fall at least once during their hospital stay (Kalisch, Tschannen, & Lee, 2012). It has been using different strategies in many hospitals to prevent or at least to decrease the incidence of fall. However, the number of falls in the hospitals increases at alarming rate in the nation. The hospitals try to implement more efficient intervention strategies, but the number fall increase instead of decrease. In fact, many interventions to prevent falls and fall-related injuries require organized support and effective implementation for specific at risk and vulnerable subpopulations, such as the frail elderly and those at risk for injury.
In the poem “To Autumn” the initial impression that we get is that Keats is describing a typical Autumn day with all its colors and images. On deeper reading it becomes evident that it is more than just that. The poem is rather a celebration of the cycle of life and acceptance that death is part of life.