Brown, L., Sherbenou, R. J., & Johnsen, S. K. (2010). Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Fourth Edition (TONI-4). PRO-ED, Inc. TX: Austin
The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Fourth Edition (TONI-4) is a measure whose purpose is to assess intelligence, apititude, abstract reasoning, and problem solving in a language-free format, categorized as intelligence and general apptitude (Evans-McCleon & Maddux, 2010). The TONI was developed by Linda Brown, Rita J. Sherbenou, and Susan K. Johnsen, with the goal of meeting the necessitiy for a measure of intelligence not requiring langauge and complex motor skills (Evans-McCleon & Maddux, 2010). The TONI-4 is a revision including new norms, addition of 15 items to enhance the floor and ceiling effects (Evans-McCleon
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The items are abstract/figural, each containing one or more of the eight salient characteristics which are position, shape, direction, rotation, shading, size, contiguity, and movement (Evans-McCleon & Maddux, 2010). Age based standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15), percentile ranks, and stanines are collected from the test and converted into a total score (Evans-McCleon & Maddux, 2010). The normative data of the TONI-4 consisted of 2,272 individuals of the U.S. Population, stratified across multiple demographic variables, ranging in age from 6 to 89 (Evans-McCleon & Maddux, 2010). The test is administered individually, with the possibility of using two formats, oral directions or nonverbal directions (Evans-McCleon & Maddux, 2010). Moreover, the TONI-4 requires minimal physical response from the examinee (Evans-McCleon & Maddux, 2010). The age range is 6:0 to 89:11 (Evans-McCleon & Maddux, 2010). It is scored manually, with clear instruction and examples given in the examiners manual, including visual graphics for reference (Evans-McCleon & Maddux, 2010). The purchase qualification level for the TONI-4 is B, requiring a master’s degree in psychology, education, social work, occupational therapy, or a field closely related (Evans-McCleon & Maddux,
Not only does the KBIT-2 lack in accommodating for cultural and language barriers, but it is also deficient towards those with mild to moderate motor difficulties due to the fact that the test requires minimal motor skills (Bain & Jaspers, 2010). However, since the test does not require time limits individuals with mild motor difficulties could be assessed. Overall, the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition appears to be psychometrically strong and feasible assessment to administer (Bain & Jaspers, 2010).
Developed by Linda Brown, Rita Sherbenou, and Susan Johnsen and published by pro.ed The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition (TONI-4) is an assessment that uses abstract reasoning and figural problem solving to estimate general intellectual ability. The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Fourth Edition (TONI-4) is a measure of general intelligence relying heavily on a nonverbal format and limited motor responses. The TONI-4 is designed to assess abstract/figural problem-solving skills of children and adults varying from ages 6 to 89 who have language, hearing, and motor difficulties. The TONI-4 has two equivalent versions, Form A and Form B, each of which consists of 60 items listed in
General intelligence tends to relate to various degrees with each other (Cohen 2012). An example of this is that if an individual is good in math, they may also be good in spelling. In this weeks reading we reviewed several different models of measurement of intelligence. In regard to these theories and general intelligence (g), the theories are various but have commonality and overlap. The Spearman's two-factor theory is if a test has high correlation with other test than the measurement of g is highly saturated (Cohen, 2012). The greater the importance of g on a test, the better the test is believed to predict intelligence
The assessment was developed by Marit Korkman, Ph. D., Ursula Kirk, Ph.D., and Sally Kemp, Ph.D. The assessment was first published by the Pearson company in 2007 and is available for purchase by licensed professionals as it is classified as a C qualification level. The administrative manual is available for $115.00 and the scoring manual is available for $159.00, in book or digital form Administrative materials are also available on the website. These materials come in sets, so multiple resources are provided but they cannot be reused for different subjects. These materials include response booklets, card sets, memory grids, and stimulus books, all of which are age-specific and range in price from $25.00 to $169.00. These materials, like the manuals, are available in physical or digital form (“NEPSY Second Edition, 2014).
The areas of the brain that deal with speech and verbal communication are on the left side of the brain. Broca’s area in the left front of the brain deals with producing speech, and Vernike’s area in the left side of the brain deals with understanding speech. In some cases, the left side of the brain is much stronger than the right side, and a person is much stronger with verbal communication than non-verbal communication and activities. This is referred to as a non-verbal learning disability (NLD). The main characteristic of people with NLD is that their verbal IQ tends to be much higher than their performance IQ. The purpose of this paper is to explore the characteristics of NLD, and look at ways to help students with this disability .
Terman, L. M. (1916). The measurement of intelligence: an explanation of and a complete guide for the use of the Stanford revision and extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale. Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.
Intelligence tests have been developed by scientists as a tool to categorize army recruits or analyze school children. But still discussing what intelligence is, academics have a difficult time defining what intelligence tests should measure. According to the American researcher Thorndike, intelligence is only that what intelligence tests claim it is (Comer, Gould, & Furnham, 2013). Thus, depending on what is being researched in the test and depending on the scientist’s definition of intelligence the meaning of the word intelligence may vary a lot. This essay will discuss what intelligence is in order to be able to understand the intelligence theories and aims of intelligence tests.
Richards, T. (2001). Website of the week: Testing intelligence. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 323(7308), 348.
In every society nonverbal communication is one of the most powerful tools that a person can use to interpret the message that is being delivered. Even though verbal communication is fairly straightforward, nonverbal communication allows others to sense the true emotions of the person that is expressing them. For example even though a person may say that they are not irritated, their usage of voice may display otherwise. Nonverbal communication not only reveals hidden messages, but it also complements, substitutes, and exaggerates verbal communication.
The presence of nonverbal messages in our communication is very important. Following the text, researchers have estimated it is up to “65 percent of social meaning we convey in face-to-face interactions is a result of nonverbal behavior” (131). The movie “Mrs. Doubtfire” is a typical example about the interactions among characters, also with audience. Several scenes in this movie show us the effects of nonverbal messages in communication, especially through the character Daniel, who disguises himself as a middle-aged British nanny in order to be near his children.
Thesis Statement: The most differences between the idiographic and nomothetic approach are measurements and development.
In this world, there are many different individuals who are not only different in demographics but also different neurologically. Due to an immense amount of people it is important to first understand each individual, in order, to better understand them and to help them when it comes to certain areas such as education, the work force, and etc…. For this reason psychologists have aimed to further understand individuals through the use of psychological assessments. This paper aims to examine a particular assessment tool, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (Fifth Edition), which measures both intelligence and cognitive abilities (Roid, 2003). This assessment is usually administered by psychologists and the scores are most often used to determine placement in academics and services allotted to children and adolescents (despite their compatibility for adults) (Wilson & Gilmore, 2012). Furthermore before the investigation dives into the particulars of the test, such as its strengths and weakness’, it is best to first learn more about the intelligence scales general characteristics.
Conclusively, much of everyday communication with others takes place nonverbally. Large portions of them are unconscious, and understanding this is the key to leadership today. With a deeper understanding of nonverbal communication and how to properly apply these learned functions, leaders arise. With numerous decisions to be made, and various inputs to evaluate, the pace of leadership has surely accelerated in today’s world. The intellectual and physical demands of leaders have been exaggerated and intensified. Utilizing all of the nonverbal components as a whole is the key to distinguishing a leader from the common individual. Nonverbal communication is a powerful tool when it comes to establishing, building and maintaining credibility and leadership.
Richmond, V & McCroskey, J 2011. Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations. 7th ed. Allyn & Bacon.
The scope of emotional intelligence includes the verbal and nonverbal appraisal and expression of emotion, the regulation of emotion in the self and others, and the utilization of emotional content in problem solving. (pp. 433)