Terrorism - Domestic Bigots More Dangerous than Foreign Terrorists
analytical Essay
577 words
Domestic Bigots Cause More Damage than Foreign Terrorists
As the federal government preoccupies itself with fighting the war against terror, it must not neglect the terror that Americans can inflict on one another at home. At the same time, we should be circumspect about our rhetoric as we affirm our commitment to the ideals of freedom by debating our government's policies. The recent spate of hate crimes across the country - about 1000 incidents, some of them fatal - calls for two responses. Congress and the president should pass and sign national hate crimes legislation. On the local level, each of us has the obligation to refrain from provocative remarks that embolden and reinforce the bigots' view that we are engaging in a war against a particular culture or religion.
Whatever contributions economic or political injustice may have on the support for terrorist regimes, those organizations ultimately thrive on a zealotry borne of group thought. This is evident in the terrorists' calls for all people of a certain group to take up a jihad against the 'infidels' who cannot claim the same group membership. In contrast, the battle that the United States is now waging is not directed at any group except for the people who commit mass murder under the influence of group identity. Americans are individualists at heart. We eschew the politics of racial division and ethnic pandering. We abhor discrimination, which violates another's individuality by ascribing to him a group identity and subsequently mistreating him. We are especially appalled when the maltreatment escalates into assault, battery and homicide.
Thus, in the 1993 Supreme Court case Wisconsin v. Mitchell, the justices unanimously upheld Wisconsin's hate crimes statute, which imposed additional penalties for perpetrators motivated by animus toward another's race. The Court reasoned that judges and juries routinely consider a perpetrator's motives as aggravating factors. For example, premeditated murder is punished more severely than random killing. Considering the criminal's bias in sentencing is consistent with our juridical principles. However, it is not enough for a handful of states to consider bias as an aggravating factor in sentencing. We need to express the nation's consensus that, as a liberal society, we condemn the illiberal thoughts that inspire hate crimes. Treating people differently on the basis of perceived group identities, which derive in turn from superficialities like physical appearance, is the greatest unfreedom. While an orderly society cannot tolerate crime, a free society simply cannot tolerate crimes borne of ignorance and group thought.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that the federal government should not neglect the terror that americans can inflict on one another at home. the recent spate of hate crimes across the country calls for two responses.
- Argues that terrorists thrive on a zealotry borne of group thought. the battle that the united states is now waging is not directed at any group except for the people who commit mass murder under the influence of the group identity.
- Argues that the 1993 supreme court upheld wisconsin's hate crimes statute, which imposed additional penalties for perpetrators motivated by animus toward another’s race.
- Opines that we can temper the hatred by being abstemious in our rhetoric. while many detractors suggest that the united states fosters bigotry by waging a war against islam or the people of afghanistan, the government's actions and words all suggest the contrary.
- Opines that domestic bigots have tested our commitment to tolerance and individualism. all of us have a role to play in battling the brigades of bigotry at home and abroad.
Related
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- The Effects of Domestic Terrorismanalytical essayDomestic terrorism has played a major part in shaping the societies of the United States. The ideologies of individuals can become radicalized. This can lead to a movement. This movement involves the infliction of fear upon the communities, in attempt to make it a better world. It is critical to examine the events created by one man’s extreme ideologies in effort to better understand.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that domestic terrorism has played a major role in shaping the societies of the united states.
- Describes how eric robert rudolph joined the united states army and became immersed in christian identity movements and anti-semitic ideologies. his beliefs were against homophobic relationships and abortion.
- Explains that rudolph's anti-abortion and antigay ideologies were used in the determination of his targets.
- Explains that rudolph's most notable attack occurred during the 1996 u.s. summer olympic games. there was no explanation of the attack and no organization claimed responsibility.
- Explains that rudolph's attacks continued and investigators were unaware of the perpetrator or the connection of these attacks. the death toll was small in comparison to other terrorists' attacks domestic and foreign.
- Explains that an abortion clinic was bombed outside atlanta, georgia, in 1997. while emergency responders were dealing with this terrorizing result, another explosion occurred.
- Explains that rudolph wanted to stop homosexuals from suffering from the "disease" of homosexuality. the otherside lounge nightclub suffered from an explosion and five people were injured.
- Narrates how eric rudolph attacked an abortion clinic in alabama in 1998, killing an off-duty police officer and a nurse. his escape vehicle was traced to the georgia state line, giving investigators their suspect.
- Analyzes how rudolph's intention was to focus the destruction towards the law enforcement and u.s. government. each attack was really two attempts at destruction within one.
- Analyzes how rudolph targeted emergency responders who would be called to help those injured from the first explosion. the idea that another bomb had been placed with a delayed detonation is alarming.
- Explains that rudolph eluded authorities by living in the mountains of western north carolina. the only thing that kept him company was the detest for the u.s. government.
- Describes how a rookie patrol officer confronted one of the fbi's top ten most wanted, rudolph, in the dark night of may 31, 2003.
- Analyzes how rudolph showed no remorse for his terroristic actions. he pleaded guilty and produced the location of the remaining 250 pounds of dynamite he possessed.
- Explains that all of his bombings were designed similar to one another. the explosive was dynamite combined with nails and screws used as debris fragmentation of the bomb.
- Compares rudolph to timothy mcveigh's bombing attack against the alfred p. murrah federal building in oklahoma city.
- Compares rudolph and mcveigh's beliefs. both believed in the christian identity movement and pro-active anti-semitic members, leading to the determination that the crimes committed were justified.
- Explains that rudolph believed that his actions towards abortion clinics were justified. this justification originated from the idea that abortion is murder. the u.s. government has not passed any laws outlawing abortion.
- Explains rudolph's attack on the 1996 u.s. summer olympics was to publicly humiliate the us government. the olympic games provide a center stage viewed around the world.
- Explains that rudolph's beliefs flourished with the hatred against abortion, as well as the homosexual individuals.
- Analyzes the evidence to support his statement regarding not wanting to hurt innocent civilians. however, he intended for the bombs to injury and kill law enforcement that was present.
- Explains that rudolph was proud of himself for committing terrorizing acts against the unsuspecting citizens. the abortion clinics were forced to close while repairs were made to the building.
- Opines that rudolph's ideologies were radicalized and fit with the army of god perimeters. he wanted to inflict more damage to the emergency responders of the attacks.
- Opines that rudolph's actions against the nation and the world were horrendous. his desire to punish the u.s. government for not banning certain actions such as abortion is not justified.
- Analyzes how rudolph's ideologies were radicalized. he believed that abortion was murder and in attempt to defeat these murders he had to stop it.
- Concludes that domestic terrorism has shaped the history of the united states. the radicalized ideologies of one man caused harmful devastation to many lives.
- Cites the anti-defamation league website and cnn u.s. library's eric robert rudolph-fast facts.
- Cites the federal bureau of investigation's website for the pursuit and capture of eric rudolph. the history channel, bombing at centennial olympic park. thomas, p.
1849 wordsRead More - Persuasive Essay On Community Safetyanalytical essayThe most well know terrorist attack is the attack on the twin towers in New York City, New York on September 11, 2001. Since the first initial attack, America has fallen victim to twenty seven attacks on the nation’s soil, this number has gotten out of hand. In addition to massive terrorist attacks, mass murders are also considered a dangerous issue. A mass murder is defined as the killing of four or more people, and while there were many murders since the beginning of time, the first major mass murder is recorded on September 6, 1959, when Howard Unruh went on a killing spree and murdered thirteen people in his neighborhood over small arguments such as the property line. Another recent issue in America’s society are riots. While riots in the civil rights era started out as peaceful sit-ins, riots since then and throughout history have evolved. From the peaceful sit-ins, they began to get more violent, such as burning churches, and now they have tried burning whole cities. America’s rights should stay in tact and they should always be able to keep them. American’s freedom of speech is compromised on a daily basis in schools and in the public eye. It should not matter if a student has her nose pierced or is wearing a tank top. Or if there is a big riot. It is the American people 's right to be in the middle of everything and try to
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the civil libertarian must appreciate the sacrifice of individual rights and liberties in order to achieve and maintain a safe, stable society.
- Argues that america's rights should always be in tact and they should never be compromised or taken away.
- Explains that the united states' bill of rights is made up of the most basic rights americans have, but what about when americans get too extreme?
- Describes america's specific rights in the bill of rights.
- Analyzes how abrams v. u.s. was a russian immigrant who tried to bring anarchy and condemned president woodrow for sending troops into russia.
1920 wordsRead More - Muslim Terrorism in the United Statesanalytical essayHistorical Background It is necessary to examine the historical context of Muslim terrorism in the United States to understand the evolvement of Muslim extremism today. Juergensmeyer (2003) supports this stance by stating that contemporary acts of violence are influenced by historical violence perpetrated in the religious past. The assumption could be made that Muslim extremism in the United States is a more recent phenomenon; on the contrary, this is not true. By understanding history enlightens to where foundations and structures were built to support Muslim extremism and terrorism activities that exist in the United States today.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that juergensmeyer (2003) supports this stance by stating that contemporary acts of violence are influenced by historical violence perpetrated in the religious past.
- Explains that noble drew ali's interpretation of islam mixed christianity, buddhism, zoroaster and confucius. in 1929, ali was charged with murdering claude greene an opponent within the organization.
- Explains that the nation of islam was founded in 1930 by wallace farad in detroit, who claimed he was a prophet to "awaken the dead nation in the west" and was replaced by elijah mohammed.
- Analyzes how the moors and the nation of islam took on political tones to form a black separatist movement. though the religious influence had positive aspects for african americans, the sects were marred by episodes of violence and crime.
- Explains how malcolm little emerged as a new leader with the nation of islam, which influenced the muslim activism in the 1960s. little targeted the ghetto and prisons for his followers.
- Explains that the 1960s brought the transition from a racial emphasis to the truest form of muslim ideology as seen today in extremist groups.
- Analyzes how bruce hoffman argues that islamic terrorists reject contemporary ideologies, and its actors view islamic terrorism as a holy war and rightful duty of the islamic state.
- Explains that an incident in march 1977 may be an indicator of this extremism opposing westernization of islamic culture.
- Explains that ali akbar tabatabai, a former attaché at the iranian embassy in washington d.c., was found shot dead at his doorstep of his bethesda home.
- Explains that the 1980s and 1990s were the continuance of efforts to resource muslim extremism and acts of terrorism. the fbi attempted to wiretap the al-farooq mosque but was denied because of lack of criminal conspiracy.
- Explains that the 1990s brought about active participation of american citizens supporting the jihad internationally.
- Explains that muslim violence continued in the 1990s as a pre-cursor to the attacks of september 11, 2001 but was mostly committed by non-citizens.
- Explains that rashid bas opened fire on a bus carrying hasidic jews crossing the brooklyn bridge killing one and injuring three persons.
- Suggests that the muslim ideology has become more exposed and transfixed because it occurred on u.s. soil. the physical nature of the terroristic act or statement of violence may have supported a strategic message to the future homegrown terrorists
- Explains that evolution of islam in the united states impacts the world today in battle with muslim extremism and radicalization. the majority of american mosques are funded by saudi arabia.
- Analyzes how a poll conducted by the pew research center in 2006 found that 68 percent of american muslims expressed an unfavorable opinion of al qaeda.
1709 wordsRead More - Extra Penalties for Hate Crimes are Justifiedanalytical essayLieberman M, Larner J. “Hate crime laws: punishment to fit the crime. Dissent”. 2010;(3):81. Available from: Academic OneFile, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 1, 2014.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that hate crimes are motivated by bias against a person or group based on their ethnicity, gender, sexual preference, religion or another characteristic.
- Explains that hate crimes are punishable by fines, prison stays, and felonies, but proving that an assailant committed a crime in prejudice is difficult.
- Argues that hate crimes are serious offensive but determining where to draw the line can be difficult. hate crime laws create inequality by choosing special groups of people who are more worthy of protection.
- Opines that a policy might sensitize officers to the problem of bias motivated violence and result in increased reporting of hate crime.
- Explains that hate crimes can have lasting effects on victims, including losing their sense of safety, depression, and anxiety. hate crimes are different from other crimes in that the offender is sending a message to members of the community.
- Explains that hate crimes target people for the sole purpose of hatred of those people's characteristics. extra penalties are justified because they target an entire community.
- Explains that lieberman m, larner j, grattet r, jenness v. transforming symbolic law into organizational action: hate crime policy.
1101 wordsRead More - Sacrificing Freedom for Securityanalytical essayOur nation seems as if it is in a constant battle between freedom and safety. Freedom and security are two integral parts that keep our nation running smoothly, yet they are often seen conflicting with one another. “Tragedies such as Pearl Harbor, 9/11 and the Boston Marathon bombings may invoke feelings of patriotism and a call for unity, but the nation also becomes divided, and vulnerable populations become targets,” (Wootton 1). “After each attack a different group or population would become targets. “The attack on Pearl Harbor notoriously lead to Japanese Americans being imprisoned in internment camps, the attacks on 9/11 sparked hate crimes against those who appeared to be Muslim or Middle Eastern,” (Wootton 1). Often times people wind up taking sides, whether it be for personal freedoms or for national security, and as a nation trying to recover from these disasters we should be leaning on each other for support. Due to these past events the government has launched a series of antiterrorist measures – from ethnic profiling to going through your personal e-mail (Begley 1). Although there are times when personal freedoms are sacrificed for the safety of others, under certain circumstances the government could be doing more harm than good.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that freedom and security are integral parts that keep our nation running smoothly, yet they are often seen conflicting with one another.
- Analyzes how the 9/11 attack changed america in ways that made limits on our freedom and privacy seem better than the alternative.
- Analyzes how the usa patriot act became a shorthand for government abuse and overreaching.
- Explains that the 1996 antiterrorism act after the oklahoma city bombing was not the only time the government negatively affected people.
- Explains that the nsa violated the privacy protections of americans between 2006 and 2009 by failing to meet a court-ordered standard for its phone data collection program.
- Opines that we need a system of checks and balances to ensure that the government does not abuse its power to gather private information of americans for the purpose of keeping us safe.
- Opines that oklahomaans gather to remember victims of 1995 oklahoma city bombing.
- Explains that joannaunderhill, william, "what price security?" newsweek 138.14 (2001): 58. mas ultra - school edition.
- Explains glanz, james, larson, jeff, and lehren, andrew w. spy agencies tap data streaming from phone apps.
- Opines that the nsa will exploit the heartbleed bug for intelligence for years.
- Narrates times-news, the (twin falls, id) 21 june 2013: newspaper source plus.
1407 wordsRead More - Hate Crimes in Americaexplanatory essayThis paper is intended to give a clear definition of a hate crime, according to the United States government, to provide examples and statistics of hate crime, and insight into state and federal laws pertaining to the enforcement or documentation of hate crime in America.
In this essay, the author
- Describes how rodney king, an african-american man, was viciously beaten in the middle of a city street in broad daylight by three los angeles police officers.
- Describes how james byrd, jr. was brutally beaten, tied to a truck, and dragged three miles to his death. the perpetrators were all members of white supremacy.
- Explains that the attorney general shall acquire data about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.
- Explains the violence against women act, which states that all persons within the united states shall have the right to be free from crimes of violence motivated by gender.
- Explains that 18 u.s.c. 245 has instilled prosecution of a hate crime if the crime was motivated by race, religion, national origin, color and the perpetrator willfully injures, intimidates, or interferes with.
- Explains that hate crimes have been prevalent in society since the first settlers landed in america.
- Explains that matthew shepard, 21, was abducted by two young men, tied to a fence, and beaten to death. his homosexuality was the motivation for crime.
- Explains that hate crime activists were happy with the hate crimes statistics act of 1990 even though the law gave no legal action for hate crimes, because of several factors.
- Explains the catch in the law is that the two restrictions must be a pair. one cannot use this law to enforce hate crime even if purposely singled out because of race, religion, national origin, or color.
- Explains that the campus hate crimes right to know act raises awareness of hate crimes on university campuses by requiring campus security to collect and report hate crime according to categories of prejudice, including sexual orientation.
- Reports that 537 active hate groups were identified in the united states by the southern poverty law center.
3640 wordsRead More - The Debate of the Death Penalty's Constitutionalityexplanatory essayCapital Punishment exists on a limited basis today, yet its constitutionality is still debated through the appellate proccess and in the court of public opinion. Opponents to this measure often contend that moral, racial and socio-economic class can bias juries on a fundamental level. After careful analysis of statistics on the death penalty, it can be shown that although the death penalty can appear to be prejudiced on these potential biases, the constitutionality of the issue remains intact.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that since gregg v. georgia and the removal of the moratorium, hundreds of people have been killed at the hands of popularly elected governments.
- Explains that capital punishment has existed in civilized society for thousands of years, and that its constitutionality remains intact.
- Explains the supreme court's decision to review four death penalty cases in 1971. the majority, 5-4, determined "cruel and unusual punishment," but there was no consensus on the issue.
- Explains how the supreme court enacted new laws for capital punishment in 1976 and 1977, but none of the cases are as significant as the two previously mentioned.
- Explains that the death penalty has been reintroduced to jurisprudence in the united states since 1977. there are only three routinely used forms of execution: gas, electrocution, and lethal injection.
- Explains that the debate over capital punishments is about whether it is inherently unequal on the grounds of race. caucasian americans have been executed since 1976 than any other race, and african-american defendants are treated harsher than whites.
- Explains that many defendants on death row are too poor to hire a lawyer, and therefore must rely on court appointed attorneys that earn between $15 - $20 per hour.
1743 wordsRead More - The Problems with Hate Crime Legislationanalytical essayWhen the topic of hate and bias crime legislation is brought up two justifications commonly come to mind. In her article entitled “Why Liberals Should Hate ‘Hate Crime Legislation” author Heidi M. Hurd discusses the courts and states views that those who commit hate and bias crimes ought to be more severely punished. She takes into consideration both sides of the argument to determine the validity of each but ultimately ends the article in hopes to have persuaded the reader into understanding and agreeing with her view that laws concerning the punishment of hate and bias laws should not be codified. Hate crime is described as a violent, prejudice crime that occurs when a victim is targeted because of their membership in a specific group. The types of crime can vary from physical assault, vandalism, harassment or hate speech. Throughout the article Hurd tried to defend her view and explain why there should be no difference of punishment for similar crimes no matter the reason behind it. Her reason behind her article came from the law that President Obama signed in 2009 declaring that crimes committed with hatred or prejudice should have more sever punishments. While the court has their own views to justify their reasoning behind such decisions, in the article Hurd brings up points and facts to prove the wrongfulness of creating such a law. However, though Hurd has made her views clear in the following essay I will discuss reasons why the penalties are justifiable, why they should receive the same degree of punishment, less punishment and my personal view on the topic.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how heidi m. hurd's article, "why liberals should hate 'hate crime legislation," discusses the courts and states views that those who commit hate and bias crimes should be more severely punished.
- Explains that hate motivated crimes are more brutal because of the hatred that the defendants expressed for their victim. the motivation behind the crime is taken into consideration when thinking about the final outcome of a criminal act.
- Explains that the harm principle can be taken into consideration when discussing this side of hate and bias crimes.
- Analyzes how hurd uses an example to prove that a victim's race or gender does not reflect hatred and prejudice.
- Argues that the courts should not impose more vicious punishments on an individual based on their character. hate crime laws unintentionally claim that unchangeable character traits are unacceptable in today's society.
- Argues that hate crimes are no more harmful than ordinary crimes. hate crime laws punish the act itself and go on further to punish thoughts and beliefs.
- Opines that heidi hurd's argument that hate crimes laws should merit less punishment than the ordinary is because the criminal act is already illegal and the fines have already been established.
- Argues that hate crimes should have equal punishments to ordinary crimes with similar actions.
- Concludes that heidi hurd explained both parts of the discussion. discrimination, hate, and prejudice is a topic discussed for many years.
- Argues that hate crimes cause a greater harm than others. hate crimes affect the entire targeted groups by inflicting fear and making the member vulnerable.
- Explains that culver, keith charles, and hurd, heidi m., "why liberals should hate hate crime legislation''.
1649 wordsRead More - Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Justice Systemanalytical essayIn modern-day America the issue of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system is controversial because there is substantial evidence confirming both individual and systemic biases. While there is reason to believe that there are discriminatory elements at every step of the judicial process, this treatment will investigate and attempt to elucidate such elements in two of the most critical judicial junctures, criminal apprehension and prosecution.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that racial discrimination in the criminal justice system is controversial in modern-day america because there is evidence confirming both individual and systemic biases. this treatment will investigate and attempt to elucidate such elements in two critical judicial junctures, criminal apprehension and prosecution.
- Opines that ucr data is comprehensive enough of a compilation of law enforcement data at 95% representation, but there are some fundamental weaknesses with this data that must be considered before drawing any conclusions.
- Analyzes wilbanks' reasoning against the viability of police forces' racial discrimination in approaching individuals and deciding whether or not to arrest them.
- Analyzes how the supreme court ruled in taylor vs. louisiana that the selection of a petit jury is an essential component of the sixth amendment right to jury trial.
- Argues that the next stage of juror selection, voir dire, has significant issues as well.
- Opines that eliminating strikes for cause and peremptory strikes would hurt the criminal justice system more than it would help it through promoting racially balanced juries.
- Cites kadane, joseph b., "juries hearing death penalty cases: statistical analysis of a legal procedure."
- Argues that racial discrimination in the criminal justice system is a fabrication, while walker, spohn, and delone's case is more convincing.
- Argues that racial discrimination is made against the way in which arrest data is collected on a local level.
- Argues that wilbanks' most tangible argument is against the validity of self-report surveys, which are the greatest bulwark of those who assert that racial discrimination in the criminal justice system is responsible for much of the racially in arrests.
- Analyzes kathryn roe eldridge's analysis of racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
- Analyzes hiroshi fukurai's complaint regarding racial biases in determining the venire. hispanics are unfairly underrepresented due to geographical concentration and jury commissioner and judge discretion.
- Analyzes the danger of racial discrimination in the venire and voir dire stages of jury selection, using bowers, steiner, and sandys' mock juries.
- Opines that the most prudent and reasonable solution is to simply draw the venire from more representative lists.
- Argues that social inequality, discriminatory policing, prosecutorial discretion, venire selection, voir dire, and jury decision-making are all factors in the criminal justice system.
- Explains bower, steiner and sandys' empirical analysis of the role of jurors’ race and jury racial composition. eldridge, kathryn roe.
- Describes lanier, mark m., and stuart henry's "defining crime." essential criminology. sampson, robert j. and laub.
- Explains turner, billy, and the u.s. department of justice's research on the sequence of events in the criminal justice system.
4767 wordsRead More - Race And The Death Penaltyanalytical essayRace plays a large factor in showing how you are viewed in society. Although there is no longer slavery and separate water fountains, we can still see areas of our daily life clearly affected by race. One of these areas is the criminal justice system and that is because the color of your skin can easily yet unfairly determine if you receive the death penalty. The controversial evidence showing that race is a large contributing factor in death penalty cases shows that there needs to be a change in the system and action taken against these biases. The issue is wide spread throughout the United States and can be proven with statistics. There is a higher probability that a black on white crime will result in a death penalty verdict than black on black or white on black. Race will ultimately define the final ruling of the sentence which is evident in the racial disparities of the death penalty. The amount of blacks on death row can easily be seen considering the majority of the prison population is black or blacks that committed the same crime as a white person but got a harsher sentence. The biases and prejudices that are in our society relating to race come to light when a jury is selected to determine a death sentence. So what is the relationship between race and the death penalty? This paper is set out to prove findings of different race related sentences and why blacks are sentenced to death more for a black on white crime. Looking at the racial divide we once had in early American history and statistics from sources and data regarding the number of blacks on death row/executed, we can expose the issues with this racial dilemma.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that race is a contributing factor in death penalty cases and that there needs to be change in the system.
- Explains that the death penalty is a controversial topic that has been discussed, changed, admired, and hated for years.
- Explains how the methods of execution have changed since the death penalty began. hangings, the electric chair, gas chamber, and the firing squad were all used.
- Explains that the gas chamber was used in world war 1 as a means of warfare and was thought to be painless and quick. lethal injection is the primary method of execution in the 33 states that have the death penalty
- Explains that lethal injection is one of the most botched methods of execution. it is not administered by a medical professional but instead by correctional officers from that prison.
- Opines that the disparity between blacks and whites is evident in the statistics of death row and executions.
- Explains that african americans have been facing an ill fate and criticism since the beginning of time. slaves were executed at a high rate when the death penalty was first instated.
- Analyzes how the customs of whites during the slave times forbade any white female from dating or being sexually involved with a black man.
- Explains that the southern states are still racist towards blacks from their previous conceptions about them from the slave era.
- Explains that there are almost 1,800 white district attorneys and about 22 blacks in the united states. a study was done to see if just being black could be an aggravating factor.
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