The temple of Edfu is an ancient Egyptian temple located in Aswan city on the west bank of the Nile river. It was built in the ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BC by the Egyptians, under the rule of king Alexander, who was from a Greek family that ruled Egypt for three centuries. The architect of this temple is Imhotep, who is known for designing the famous step pyramid in Saqqara. It is considered to be one of the eldest and largest temples of the Ptolemaic period (Lloyd et al.169). The temple was built to worship one of the main five gods in Egypt, Horus. I chose to talk about this temple because I have always appreciated Ancient Egyptian culture, architecture, and art. It is amazing for me that I had the opportunity to live in Egypt …show more content…
It is 37 meters high with stone walls that concave and have roll moldings (Lloyd 169). The door of this gate was made of cedar wood, which was decorated with bronze and gold and topped by a winged sun disk, which represents Horus and the decorated battle scenes of the king of Edfu fighting enemies of Horus. The gate is followed by a large courtyard “ The Hall of the Masses”. The large courtyard consists two rows of columns on opposing sides, and this hall was open to the public. Through the entrance in the middle of the ecentric courtyard is the grand colonnade, which consists of eighteen columns with floral crowns. These include columns of the façade and massive columns arranged in three rows. Each row consists of three columns on each side of the middle path. In total there are thirty-two columns within the courtyard in the form of floral and palm leaves (Smith 153). The Ancient Egyptians admired two sacred plants, the lotus flower and the papyrus plant. These two plants is what inspired them to build the grand columns in their temples whilst taking the shape of them. The old form of the columns made no use, until they were changed to two styles: first, the full blown bell-shaped papyrus capital decorated with vertical plant ribs, leaves, and floral ornament in finely graded relief. Second, large semicircular papyrus blooms arranged to form a circle in the upper part and interlaced below with smaller …show more content…
. The legend of the sun-winged disk was laid on the walls of the temple of Edfu, where it was said that the god Ra Hor of the Lord charged him with conquering the rebels who revolted against him, headed by the idol of six, while sailing in the land of Nubia in 363 and pursued them from the south to the north. Horus defeated them in several locations in the Nile, especially the scarcity and Fayoum to follow them to the country of Nubia and there turned to the sun has wings and defeated them, rejoice so Ra Hor and ordered that the sun be winged
The People's Temple was a Christian doomsday cult founded and led by James Warren Jones (1931-1978). Jim Jones was not a fundamentalist pastor as many reports in the media and the anti-cult movement has claimed. He belonged to a mainline Christian denomination, having been ordained in the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ.
Pantheon and Hagia Sophia Pantheon and Hagia Sophia are two extremely outstanding architectural pieces of their times. They have been built according to the traditions of those particular times. The materials used to built these buildings and the purpose for which they were used are all very important aspects and have been briefly covered in this report. Pantheon The statesman Agrippa built pantheon in 27 B.C. Then it was completely rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian. The Pantheon is remarkable for its size, its construction, and its design. The dome was the largest built until modern times. The present structure was probably originally built as a temple for all the pagan gods. We do hear of it as being a law-court and a reception area for Emperor Hadrian meeting his quests too. Some say that the rotunda of the building was once a Roman bath. Due to all this mystery, the Pantheon is often referred to as the Sphinx of Rome. The visitor will probably not appreciate the construction as much as the Flavian amphitheatre, but it is still a great masterpiece of engineering and well worth a visit. Most Roman and Greek temples at the time of the Pantheon's construction were large, colonnaded, rectangular enclosures with sanctuaries situated in their centers. The Pantheon was different. It consisted of a large circular drum topped with a hemispherical dome. It is a masterpiece of both engineering and art a lasting memory of Ancient Rome’s might. Roman architecture is architecture of wall and enclosed tactile space. Individual column with entablature is no longer the basic architectural unity. Spatially, it shows a development from closed, simple space units and regular articulation to more complex spatial relations, more fluid interpenetrati...
Egyptian burial complexes evolved from the simple rectangular mastaba to the great pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty. The true pyramid evolved from the mastaba through an intermediary form, the step pyramid, the earliest example of which is Zoser’s Step Pyramid at Saqqara, which dates to the Third Dynasty (c. 2680 BC). The Step Pyramid was revolutionary for several reasons. It is the earliest known free-standing monument built entirely of stone in Egypt (Fakhry 20); it is also the earliest example of evolutionary architectural development beyond the mastaba. In form the step pyramid is a series of superimposed mastabas and represents the stairway that the spirit of the pharaoh was to climb to reach the sky-realm and join the crew of the solar barque traveling across the heavens (Aldred 47).
The Entrance Hall has the dimensions 27’ 11" x 23’ 9"; ceiling 18’ 2". This is done in the Ionic order. The entrance hall was influenced by frieze ornaments from the temple of Antoninus and Faustinia. (figure two)
As the Roman Empire spread, it eventually encompassed the area the Greeks used to control, bringing them in contact with Greek architecture. Closely following the Greek temples, a classic Roman temple is made up of four main components: the steps, the colonnade, the portico and the cella. Greek temples were built with massive steps to be used by the gods, not humans, on all four sides of the temple. Romans borrowed the idea of steps leading up to the temple, but transformed it to fit their own needs by building the steps small enough for humans. This alteration allows the temple to be more accessible by humans, reinforcing the relationship between the members of Roman society and the gods. In addition to the steps, the Temple of Mars Ultor consists of “eight Corinthian columns in front and along the flanks…omitting two rows of columns created space for a generous entrance.” The colonnade is a very prominent similarity between Roman and Greek temples because of the sheer size of the columns and their location on the temple. When approaching the temple from the axial Roman forum, the colonnade is the first visible element, clearly separating the divine from the secular. The height of the colonnade gives the impression that the temple is built as a house for the gods by representing power
The small pillars on the upper aches have sharp zig zag designs alternating with smooth flowing twists; ten arches on each side keeping with the balance of the building. Each doorway has a high border encompassing small circles completing a tall rectangular look making the doorway seem even bigger than it already is, along with the small channeled borders giving a structured shape to the smaller arches. The dome on the top of the building creates “a heavenly sense of transcendence,” making the building feel much larger on the inside. Again, the smaller domes and small pikes stay true to the repetitious nature of the art form.
We must go back to before the beginning of rome the etruscan ancestors of the roman whose temples gave the foundation to roman styles.we begin with understanding that they began using wood for cullums and mud and brick for the podium and structure to create simple rectangular temples. due to the very flammable materials they used the temple would often be burned down and would have to be rebuilt every time taking a different form. and by creating a high podium that reached 13 feet in height they were closer to the good as they saw it. their temples were made in tri-cella meaning three parts for their god jupiter and his two wives juno and minerva. the temples were built with a long porch to be able to have their people to pray within the temple the cullums were freestanding meaning they were not attached to anything and the only purpose was to hold the ceiling another important asset of the etruscans was that the made the temples with a single staircase giving a temple a facade .the first temple the romans had was the roman optimus maximus built in one of the seven capitoline hills and showed all of the etruscan characteristics, high podium deep porch freestanding columns a tri-cella .
The end of the Geometric period resulted in the beginning of the Orientalizing Period, dated between 700-600 BC. Within this time frame, Greek introduced a new innovation, the Peripteral Temple. For many years prior, a row of colonnade was used on the interior primarily to hold up the roof of the building. In contrast, columns are seen being used on the outside, creating a visual wall around the building exposing parts of the interior. With in the temple existed the megaron style, carried forward from Bronze Age homes. It was also in eastern influenced period, the first real stone temples, and terra cotta roof tiles came to exist to hold the weight on these new stone temples. The population grew drastically, introducing new techniques and styles, which blended to form designs with balance and symmetry. It was during this period, two major Greek designs were developed, the Ionic and Doric order. (Pedley, 2012: pg. 180) The Doric order, being the first and most simple, consisted of baseless columns placed closely together as the Greeks did not know how much weight the shortened columns could hold. Reason behind this was the lack of length in the columns were believed to hold less weight and therefore forced into being placed closer together. This closely set arrangement created a very bold statement in the Doric temple. The Capital, which sat on top of the concaved shaped shaft, was left plain but when grouped alongside others, suggested a bold harmony. In contrast, the Ionic order was less bulky and more delicate than the Doric order. The top of the capital is decorated with two scrolls, also known as volutes, which could have resembled a shell or animal horns. Above the capital, held room for a surrounding frieze depictin...
The whole architectural style of it has mixed both Doric and the newer Ionic. Its height and width, the width of the inner cella and its length were all constructed using 4:9 ratio. The temple was used to house the new cult statue
In order to understand what makes a place sacred it is necessary to define the idea of a sacred place. This has to be a place that has some defining characteristics that mark it out as different. It can be because people practice rituals or being in the place gives them an emotional reaction or experience. Many sacred places can appear to be unimportant to someone who is outside the group. For people to whom a place is sacred, there is a conviction that the place has a significance that puts it apart from other areas.
...re that was most unique to the Early Dynastic period was the oval enclosure with a centralized platform to lend stability to the shrine. Storage were found near the enclosure. The Temple Oval at Khafaje best exemplifies the unique formation of the oval enclosure in the temples. This enclosure had a double perimeter wall present which was highly unusual for enclosures. Another oval temple was found that Tell al Ubaid, which had a rectangular platform in the center. In the front of this platform there were elaborate decorations, which were belived to have fallen from the façade of the temple which had stood on the platform. Besides these oval temples there were also plans of temples with a number of single or double roomed shrines, one noteworthy temple is from Tell Chuera in North Syria. This design plan yields a closer resemblance to the west and megaron buildings.
Philosophy of Worship As God is center of believers worship, so worship is the center of every Christian life. A Christian denomination that consists of a particular group, and that continuously organize their meeting regularly must meet the biblical mandatory checkpoint in worship. The word checkpoint I used means worship has to meet the requirement of the scripture without compromise. This is because today worship has turned to be a nightclub where people go to entertain themselves, and forgetting that Supreme-Being who is the center in worship.
There are many reasons behind our infatuation with ancient Egypt. One is its sheer antiquity. Egypt is one of the world’s oldest civilizations, blossoming at a time when most of the rest of the world (including the ancestors of the Greeks, Chinese, and Maya) had yet to build anything more impressive than stick huts. Another reason is that we are amazed by the Egyptians’ achievements: their colossal temples and tombs, their uncannily well-preserved mummies, their art, and their glittering jewelry. A third reason is that despite more than two centuries of study by Egyptologists, much about ancient Egypt still remains mysterious. Many questions about the Egyptians still have their answers buried by the sands of time. For instance, how were the pyramids built? What was responsible for the early death of the boy pharaoh Tutankhamun? And how did the Egyptians influence later civilizations such as Greece and Rome?
The columns, forty-two feet high and fourteen in circumference, are each of one piece of red oriental granite, but of the same black colour as the rest of the building, not excepting what should be the white marble of the capitals…On entering the portico the dark columns seem to swell into greater dimensions--you approach one of them, that you may compare the size of a man with the towering mass of mortal workmanship--you strike your hand against it, but the column, which has stood unmoved for nineteen centuries, does not vibrate to your blow. You must indulge in these emotions of astonishment before you advance to the magnificent doors of sculptured bronze, and enter the temple of Jupiter and the gods, now consecrated to the Virgin and the martyrs (Peale
It is believed that the shape of the pyramid was an important religious statement. Some scholars believe that this is true while others still debate the possibilities. We can assume that the Egyptians were trying to symbolize the slanting rays of the sun. It is also believed that the sloping sides on the pyramid were intended to help the soul of the king climb to the sky and join the gods.