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Brief history of computers
Brief history of computers
History and development of computers
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Telecommunication
1. Introduction
Computer and telephone networks inflict a gigantic impact on today's
society. From letting you call John in Calgary to letting you make a withdraw
at your friendly ATM machine they control the flow of information. But today's
complicated and expensive networks did not start out big and complicated but
rather as a wire and two terminals back in 1844. From these simple networks to
the communication giants of today we will look at the evolution of the network
and the basis on which it functions.
2. The Beginnings
2.1. Dot Dot Dot Dash Dash Dash Dot Dot Dot
The network is defined as a system of lines or structures that cross.
In telecommunications this is a connection of peripherals together so that they
can exchange information. The first such exchange of information was on May 24,
1844 when Samuel Morse sent the famous message "What hath God wrought" from the
US Capitol in Washington D.C. across a 37 mile wire to Baltimore using the
telegraph. The telegraph is basically an electromagnet connected to a battery
via a switch. When the switch is down the current flows from the battery
through the key, down the wire, and into the sounder at the other end of the
line. By itself the telegraph could express only two states, on or off. This
limitation was eliminated by the fact that it was the duration of the connection
that determined the dot and dash from each other being short and long
respectively. From these combinations of dots and dashes the Morse code was
formed. The code included all the letters of the English alphabet, all the
numbers and several punctuation marks. A variation to the telegraph was a
receiving module that Morse had invented. The module consisted of a
mechanically operated pencil and a roll of paper. When a message was received
the pencil would draw the corresponding dashes and dots on the paper to be
deciphered later. Many inventors including Alexander Bell and Thomas Edison
sought to revolutionize the telegraph. Edison devised a deciphering machine.
This machine when receiving Morse code would print letters corresponding to the
Morse code on a roll of paper hence eliminating the need for decoding the code.
2.2. Mr. Watson, Come Here!
The first successful telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
He along with Elisha Gray fought against t...
... middle of paper ...
... they use different
addressing protocols, only routers may be used. During these times MANs
(Metropolitan Area Networks) are in use and development today. These use
routers that are connected preferably via a fiber optic cable, to create one
large network.
5.2. Pluto Calling Earth!
Any networks larger than 1000m typically rely on telephone digital lines
for data transfer. These networks are called Circuit Switched Digital Networks .
Circuit Switched Digital Networks utilize a switching matrix at the central
office of a telephone company that connects local calls to long distance
services. The Telephone companies now offer dial up circuits with signaling
rates of 56, 64, and 384 kilobits per second as well as 1.544 megabits per
second. Another type of LAN to LAN connections are packet switching networks.
These are services that a network router calls up on a digital line. They
consist of a group of packet switches that are connected via intraswitch trunks
(usually fiber optic) that relay addressed packets of information between them.
Once the packet reaches the destination packet switch, it sends it via another
digital connection to the receiving router.
wireless communication got a lot of attention when a message was transmitted that allowed for
Wireless is a methodical account of the early development of wireless telegraphy and the inventors who made it possible. Sungook Hong examines several early significant inventions, including Hertzian waves and optics, the galvanometer, transatlantic signaling, Marconi's secret-box, Fleming's air-blast key and double transformation system, Lodge's syntonic transmitter and receiver, the Edison effect, the thermionic valve, and the audion and continuous wave. Wireless fills the gap created by Hugh Aitken, who described at length the early development of wireless communication, but who did not attempt "to probe the substance and context of scientific and engineering practice in the early years of wireless" (p. x). Sungook Hong seeks to fill this gap by offering an exhaustive analysis of the theoretical and experimental engineering and scientific practices of the early days of wireless; by examining the borderland between science and technology; depicting the transformation of scientific effects into technological artifacts; and showing how the race for scientific and engineering accomplishment fuels the politic of the corporate institution. While the author succeeds in fulfilling these goals, the thesis, it seems, is to affirm Guglielmo Marconi's place in history as the father of wireless telegraphy.
He used a comparison pattern to describe telegraph invention with the internet, and how was more important to invent this device similar to the internet invention. Reading through the book gives a different criterion of the implementation and evolution of the telegraph device in Europe and United States. Although Standage’s book lacks deep technical aspects, he tells the story of telegraph invention in simple and interesting chronical way. In fact, he started his first chapter by mentioning the rumors of inventing a magical device to transfer letter between people mile apart in the late of the sixteen century. By 1791 two French scientist brothers Claude and Rene Chappe invented the first version of the Telegraph. The working principle of this device was mechanical and optical, which had failed in the dark. The Chappe brothers continued their trials until 1793 they succeeded to invent the first dependable device to transmit messages over long distances. At this time, the telegraph first named tachygraph from the Greek word tachy which means fast, then they changed to telegraph. The new invention became fully operational by 1794, where it played an important role to send a report of the capture of town from the Austrians and Prussians. The success of using the telegraph in civilian and military matter encouraged Napoleon to build wider telegraph network by 1804. During the nineteen century, the telegraph machine evolved to a wider global communication network to cross the continents especially in England and the United States, where Samuel Morse developed a newer version of the telegraph by
In 1837 Morse got two partners to help him develop his telegraph. One was Leonard Gale, a quiet professor of science at New York University who taught him how to increase voltage by increasing the number of turns around the electromagnet. The other was Alfred ...
In today's world, technology is constantly changing from a new paperclip to an improvement in hospital machinery. Technology lets people improve the way they live so that they can preserve their own personal energy and focus on the really important factors in life. Some people focus their energy on making new innovations to improve transportation and the health of people that may save lives and some people focus on making new designs of packaging CDS. Technology is significant in everyone's life because it rapidly changes what is in the market. But, some new innovations of technology are ridiculous because they serve no purpose in helping mankind.
The Telephone System The telephone is one of the most creative and prized inventions in the world. It has advanced from its humble beginnings to its wireless communication technology today and for the future. The inhabitants of the earth have long communicated over a distance, which has been done by shouting from one hilltop or tower to another. The word "telephone" originated from a combination of two Greek words: "tele", meaning far off, and "phone", meaning voice or sound, and became the known term for "far- speaking." A basic telephone usually contains a transmitter, that transfers the caller's voice, and a receiver, that amplifies sound from an In the transmitter there are two common kinds of transmitters: the carbon transmitter, and the electric transmitter.
computer, which by the way was the first came ever to be created on the computer.
The Electric Franklin. "Benjamin Franklin's Inventions." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, 4 July 1995. Web. 23 May 2014.
Technology has begun a new age where computers and iPhones are the coolest things. Technology has been advanced so it can do a simple job just like people so people won't be needed, because it is more efficient and faster. This is some technology and some reasons on what technology can now do: the use of biotechnology, transistors the size of a molecule, and nanotechnology. Here are a few facts on what has been happening with technology, and how it can turn into a dystopian world.
The pen was once said to be mightier than the sword. Writing letters, books, and poetry by hand was the sign of a scholar. However over time the pen became weak and typewriters ushered in the new theory that speed is better than quality. With the invention of computer programs such as spell check, audio books, and even texting humankinds’ knowledge of language has suffered. Spell check has decreased peoples understanding of spelling and grammar. In past years schools made a point to teach grammar and spelling but having essays and papers written out by hand but in modern times schools lean towards typing up paper on computers and using spell check to fix any problems causing concern among parents and teachers. With the invention of the typewriter it became not how well an individual could write but how fast one could type. This was one of the first steps in a society that didn’t care about the quality of writing but how fast it could be done. Now in modern times with the advancements in computers knowing proper spelling and grammar of one’s own language have become very poor. It has become accepted and even taught that it is fine to have poor grammar and spelling as long as one can type fast. By simply click on one icon that says “spell check” on any typing/writing device all ones grammar and spelling errors will be fixed without having to know why it was wrong in the first place. “When being a student in grade school as well as in high school (1934-1946), grammar was heavily emphasized in English/language arts classes, particularly in grades four through the senior year in high school” (Marlow pg1). Grammar and proper spelling was once taught greatly in schools but as typing became a new staple in schools way of teaching writing ...
Cell phones have immensely changed the way people communicate today. A cell phone can be all a person need for interaction. From a cell phone, a person can make calls, send text messages, emails, and send and also receive directions, buy things online, do online banking, listen to music and much more. Since someone can do everything with one device, there is no longer a need to go around with multiple devices about. Greek hydraulic semaphore systems were used as early as the 4th century. The hydraulic semaphores, which functioned with water filled containers and visual signals, functioned as optical telegraphs. However, they could only apply a very limited range of pre-determined messages, and as with all such visual telegraphs could only be deployed during good visibility conditions. Experiments on communication using electricity was carried out in 1729 but was not successful. The experiment was proposed by William Fothergill Cooke. In 1837, William invented a practical electric telegraph which entered commercial use in 1838 (J. B. Calvert, May 2004). The first telephone was invented in 1878 by Alexander Graham Bell. He experimented with a ‘phonautograph’, it is a machine shaped like a pen that can draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing vibrations.
The history of engineering goes back into the 19th century when Alexander Volta (1745-1827) made a remarkable discover regarding the nature of electricity (Cosgrove 749). He discovered that electrical current could be controlled and could flow from one point to another. By the time the mid-19th century came about the rules for electricity were being established. During this time electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday who lived from 1791 to 1867 (749). Also during this time Samuel Morris invented the telegraph in 1837 which relies on the principles of electromagnetic induction (749). Alexander Graham Bell, who lived from 1847 to 1922, created the telephone which also uses electricity in order to operate (749). Through the success of the telephone, Bell Telephone Company was established. In 1878, the light bulb was finally invented by Thomas Edison who lived from 1847 to 1931 (749). Off the principles of Faraday’s electric motor from 1821, Nicholas Tesla invented a more efficient and powerful electric motor in 1888 (749). To make these inventions be more significant, effort was expended to make better motors and transformers and to enhance the power needed to make them function. Through these inventions during the middle 19th century, it led to the capability of lighting homes and cities through the use of electricity, and it also led to the creation of the telephone communication system (750).
Since its inception, the telephone has become one of the most important inventions of all time. Although some were skeptical about its replacement over telegrams, in the end the advent of this fine communication equipment has won the hearts of many. As a matter of fact, the telephone system had come to numerous facelifts that it literally connected the world before the internet was born. Because of its importance, homes and businesses can not live without it. In the U.S. alone, most if not all have a phone in the house.
gigahertz. (1 kilohertz = 1000 hertz : 1 megahertz = 106 hertz, 1 gigahertz =
People in the present society have turned from the use of the old means of communication to the more advanced and technological ways of communicating. Technology has made it easier for people to communicate in a faster, efficient, and cost saving means through the introduction of the communication channels. The world has turned out to be the centre for technology with different technologies emerging daily as the people continue to develop from time to time to cope with the growing technology. The benefits of adopting the communication technology are explained in this article which shows why people do not function without technology.