Background/Problem Statement
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), smoking leads all other risk factors as the number one avoidable cause of death in the world; every year globally, cigarette smoking contribute to approximately six million deaths with more than 400,000 of them in America (WHO, 2011). The CDC (2008) also concluded by 2030 if this trend persists, each year more than eight million will die from tobacco related causes like COPD complications, as well as heart and lung cancer. Diseases and eventually deaths from tobacco induced issues are reduced for those who successfully quit smoking cigarettes (Anthonisen et al., 2005). People who do make a commitment to stop, benefit from reducing the risk of getting these
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This task force comprises of volunteer physicians of different specialties, nurses and other personnel with expert knowledge in prevention and evidence base healthcare. The task force was created in 1984 with current practicing clinicians for the purposes of reviewing, organizing and recommending evidence based management geared towards improving the health of our population USPSTF is authorized by Congress with mandates that the department of human services support their efforts, additionally in 2010 the Affordable care act made it mandatory that they also receive administrative support from the Agency for healthcare Research and Quality. Interestingly, the task force is independent from those two government bodies in the performance of their work (AHRQ, …show more content…
Data analysis The results will be represented as the relative risk or risk ratio (RR), that is (number of quitters in the treatment group/number randomized to the treatment group)/(number of quitters in the control group/number randomized to the control group). The Mantel-Haenszel test will be used if we find meta-analysis is needed (Lancaster, 2017)
In the event of loss to follow up For the purpose of evaluating the data appropriately, any documentation containing loss to follow-up will be further reviewed to rule out deaths. These will be removed and expressed separately. All others loss to follow up will be considered as failing the treatment and continuing to smoke. These numbers will be presented in a “loss to follow up” table format will also be included in the risk ratio calculation as denominators (Stead, Koilpillai, Fanshawe & Lancaster,
When smokers quit-what are the benefits over time. (2014, Februrary 6). American Cancer Society. Retrieved from www.cancer.org
The report is focused on the effort to define what strategy, method or program is the most effective in producing long-term and positive changes in smoking behavior. The first part of the report deals with the problem the reviewer has to face of sorting through outcome research that is permeated by many methodological deficiencies. The most pervasive problem in the evaluation of the outcome data from smoking cessation programs is the validity of the treatment results.
Smoking cigarettes is a detrimental practice not only to the smoker, but also to everyone around the smoker. According to an article from the American Lung Association, “Health Effects” (n.d.), “Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing over 438,000 deaths per year”. The umbrella term for tobacco use includes the use of cigarettes, cigars, e-cigs and chewing tobacco. While tobacco causes adverse health consequences, it also has been a unifying factor for change in public health. While the tobacco industries targets specific populations, public health specifically targets smokers, possible smokers, and the public to influence cessation, policies and education.
The use of tobacco is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States, accounting for more than 443,000 deaths each year. More than 16 million Americans suffer from a disease caused by smoking. On average, smokers die ten years earlier than non-smokers. About 18.1% of all adults (42.1 million Americans) are currently users of tobacco. The number of people addicted to products such as tobacco is too high, and can be lowered.
Tobacco results in upwards of half a million American premature deaths per year. That is more deaths than by HIV, drug and alcohol abuse, automobile accidents,suicides and murders combined. For every one of those deaths, nearly 20 other Americans suffer from a tobacco-related illness.Tobacco-related illness places an enormous burden on the healthcare system, with cigarette smoking driving $193 billion in cost, and second hand smoke adding another $10 million.
Since the 1950s, more than 70,000 scientific articles have left no doubt that smoking is an extraordinarily important cause of premature mortality and disability around the world. In populations where cigarette smoking has been common for several decades, about 90% of cases of lung cancer, 15–20% of cases of other cancers, 75% of cases of chronic bronchitis and emphysema and 25% of deaths from cardiovascular diseases in those 35–69 years of age are attributable to tobacco. Studies have shown that half of all long-term smokers will die of a tobacco-related disease and, of these, half will die before the age of 65 (World bank, 1999).
Tobacco addiction contributes to approximately 438,000 deaths in the United States each year2, with smoking cigarettes constituting one of the most common preventable causes of death, on report asserts3. Tobacco use kills five million people a year worldwide, another source stresses4. Quitting smoking, or at least reduction, for instance, could greatly reduce the occurrence of coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease.1,5 These diseases that can be prevented or reduced include heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, coronary artery spasm, and cardiac arrhythmia.1
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, worldwide, and most importantly, in New York. Although the tobacco industry appears to be a beneficial addition to our economy, it has been a socially acceptable business in the past because it brings jobs to our people and tax money to our government; but the cost of tobacco related treatment, mortality, disability, and pollution, the government winds up having to provide the funds to programs related to these issues. If current smoking patterns continue, by 2030 the proportion of tobacco related death will be one in six, about 10 million deaths per year (World bank). There are scientific articles regarding the relation of premature mortality and disability to tobacco use. Places where tobacco use is commonly used, about ninety percent of cases of lung cancer, fifteen percent of cases of other cancers, seventy-five percent of cases of bronchitis and emphysema and twenty-five
Every year, there are over 400,000 smoking-related deaths in the United States. A large percentage of these are due to lung cancer, whose leading cause is smoking. However, not all deaths are smokers themselves. Anyone in the vicinity can fall victim to second hand smoke. These people, through no action of their own, can have their lives threatened.
Tobacco still kills six million people around the world every year. Despite huge public health efforts to help people quit and prevent young people starting, smoking remains the single greatest cause of ill health and premature death.
In 2015, a study was done by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) and it was concluded that fifteen out of every one-hundred people over the age of eighteen smoker cigarettes in the United States. That means that an average of about 36.5 million people smoke cigarettes and out of that 36.5 million, 16 million people have a smoking related disease. Since 1964, more than roughly 20 million Americans have died from smoking cigarettes. This has caused major concern for many non-smoking and smoking American across the country. Non-smokers are not only healthier but also live longer lives because smoking cigarettes has such a negative effect on the human body medically.
Smoking maintains a thirty percent contribution to the cause of cancer in the United States. Even after the Surgeons warning in 1988 regarding the critically harmful effects of tobacco use, lung cancer from smoking continues to have a death rate that is greater than breast cancer, colorectal and prostate combined. Even with these clear warnings and statistics, smokers diagnosed with lung cancer still find it difficult to stop smoking. Smoking cessation after a diagnosis is a key proponent of increasing life endurance and quality. (Cooley, M. et.al., 2008)
Diclemente, C., Fairhurst, S., Prochaska, J., Rossi, J., Velasques, M., Velices, W. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis
Studies have proven that there is no safe way to smoke. Tobacco contains many dangerous cancer causing chemicals that affects the lungs of the smoker and the nonsmoker, so smoking just a little amount can increase your chances of getting lung cancer. The Surgeon General has said that "smoking is the single most important cause of death in our society, and it is responsible for more than one out of every five deaths in the United States." The purpose of this report is to inform and educate the reader about smoking and why it is considered the biggest cause of lung cancer. This subject is near and dear to me because my grandfather, who was once a heavy smoker, is now fighting this awful disease. The only way to protect yourself against this killer disease is to never start smoking or to stop smoking if you are a smoker.
One person dies every six seconds due to a tobacco related disease, which results in a shocking amount of ten deaths per minute. Tobacco is one of the most heavily used addictive products in the United States. Tobacco contains over 4,000 chemicals; approximately 250 are dangerously harmful to humans. Smoking is a major public health problem. All smokers face an increased risk of lung cancer, cardiovascular problems and many other disorders. Smoking should be banned due to the many health risks to the user, second hand related smoke illness, and excessive cost.