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African american breast cancer research papers
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1. Tanning salons have become increasingly popular, particularly among young white women.
a) In 2-3 sentences, explain how the use of tanning salons leads to a darkening of skin.
b) What are two specific long-term risks of using tanning salons?
a) Tanning beds in tanning salons produce UV light/rays, which hits skin and produces melanin, thus making skin to appear to be darker. Melanin exists to absorb UV light to prevent damage to DNA and protect from cancer. Melanin is produced by a melanocyte and is taken up by the skin’s keratinocytes.
b) A major long-term risks of using tanning salons include an increase risk of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as well as the often deadly melanoma (up to 75% greater
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Some explanations for White women’s increased risk includes not having children, putting off childbirth, having fewer children, utilizing hormone therapy after menopause, utilizing certain birth control (Race, ethnicity, and breast cancer, 2015), and drinking alcohol (Wu, Liu, & Chung, 2012), all of which increases risk. Possible explanation for low risks among Asian/Pacific Islanders is often attributed to keeping the diet similar to their Asian country which is often a more healthier diet (Wu, Liu, & Chung); among Hispanics is attributed to a specific genetic variant that reduces incident (Fejerman et al., 2014); and among American Indian and Alaska Native women may be attributed a lack of reporting of cases within the community and misclassification of the AI/AN race (Wingo et al, 2008); furthermore, women of Ashkenazi Jewish descent tend to have higher indecent rates of breast cancer due to the high prevalence of the BRCA1 and BRCA 2 gene mutations (Race, ethnicity, and breast …show more content…
Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth.
a) In 2-3 sentences, describe the difference between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
b) Look up an example of a tumor suppressor gene (not Rb or VHL). In 2-3 sentences, explain its function and describe one cancer that it is associated with.
a) Proto-oncogenes are normal growth genes that can lead to cancer if it mutates or makes too many copies. Proto-oncogenes are normal functioning oncogenes, yet transform/mutate into an oncogene (for example, by overexpression) which is a cell with a loss of growth control thus causing cancer. A tumor suppressor gene codes for proteins that inhibit or stop cell growth (and also repairs DNA and programs cells to die) which, when mutated and can cause uncontrolled growth leading to cancer.
b) FasR, the FAS receptor is a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 8 in humans. FasR programs cells to induce cell death. Low expression of FasR in lung cancer tumor cells has been shown to correlate with a poorer prognosis because the cancerous tumor cells are not getting as many signals to die, thus growth among the cancerous cells are more rapid (Sathiah et al,
Have you ever seen commercials on television advertising allergy medications? The advertisement states that taking the medication can cause abnormal sleep patterns, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, itching, watery eyes, rashes, and headaches. A conclusion could be made that the side effects of the product would be much worse than the allergy problem. However, people still purchase the product. The lengths an average person will go in order to get a quick fix is amazing. It is this way of thinking that makes tanning beds so popular. Over the last decade, cancer causing tanning beds have given self-image issues to people across the world.
Individuals lying in tanning beds should consider an alternative to ensure a decrease in the chances of skin cancer and becoming addicted to the tanning bed. Tanning beds may cause you to look tan now, but the chances of skin cancer, becoming addicted, and damaging your body could potentially affect you for the rest of your life. Do not let tanning determine who you are, decide whether the benefit is worth the risk. Think before you tan.
There are no proven health risks of spray tanning as of right now; however the FDA is investigating the safety of the DHA component in the "Mystic Tan".
Well-known magazines often have broad headlines that show off celebrities sporting bronzed skin, and these articles often throw around the words “healthy” and “glowy” in a positive context. With this influence subjected upon the general public, indoor tanning has become a popular recreation of American men and women alike. As this new trend continues to rise, medical researchers are beginning to pay close attention to the health effects of indoor tanning, especially when referring to tanning beds, respectively. Through many recent case findings and studies, scientists have linked the use of tanning beds to many dermal health problems including types of skin cancers that are deadly. Despite the fact that tanning beds are detrimental to the dermal health of its victims, the use of tanning beds is on the rise and growing.
Informing you on a everyday thing some girls do, which is tanning. Two main questions you have to ask yourself is it healthy? And will it cause skin cancer ? Well to answer both of those questions you can get skin cancer, and it is healthy for you. Only some parts of it is healthy though, not all of it. And thats what we will be explaining in this paper today. We both do tan so we’re not against it and see the good thing about tanning. Not everyone has to be on our side, some people may like tanning naturally better to begin with.
For these reasons, minorities often put off the expense of seeing a doctor until they have advanced disease and are past being easily treated. A lack of education, rural or inner city residence, unemployment, and low literacy rate may also contribute to higher cancer mortality rates for some communities. In several studies researchers investigates whether socioeconomic status is the reason for the disparity in prostate cancer incidence, where African Americans and Non- Hispanic Whites are the top two candidates for prostate cancer. Some results found that the highest level of cancer incidence was positively correlated with low socioeconomic status (Cheng, et al.,
Melanoma skin cancer has multiple causes. The biggest and newest cause of melanoma skin cancer is a result of tanning in salon tanning beds. As said by Zoe D. Draelos, MD, FAAD, consulting professor, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC “What they may not realize is that no matter whether you tan or burn, a tan from the sun or tanning beds damages the skin and may cause wrinkles, age spots, and skin cancer.” Now more than ever every day routines consist of going to the tanning salon. Adults are beginning to take their children to start tanning at young ages exposing them to the UV radiation that causes melanoma.
Indoor tanning is becoming a very popular “hobby”, but most people do not know, or do not care, about its dangerous side effects. Studies show that people who use tanning booths have a much higher chance of being diagnosed with skin cancer. If someone were to start tanning indoors before they turn 30 or 25, the risk of them getting Melanoma peaks, and if they start tanning before they turn 20 or 25, they are much more likely to get basal and squamous cancer.
...udy done by the American Academy of Dermatology, 59 percent of tanners were unaware of all the threats that accompany using a tanning bed (Cassidy 2). Cassidy also states that this lack of awareness is partially due to the tanning salons not advertising all information about skin cancer (2). Many salons offer tanning lotions, which are much different than sunscreen lotions. While they may not advertise it as sunscreen, not all customers know the difference. Tanning lotion amplifies UV rays, causing one to absorb more rays more quickly. The lotion contains no sunscreen and does not protect the user from the radiation. Of course, such information is not presented when the salon may try to sell you the product. The unfortunate side effect of such misinformation is that people may contract serious diseases without knowing that those illnesses could have been prevented.
There are numerous risk factors for breast cancer. Genetics or family history of breast cancer in a one first-degree relative with breast cancer doubles a woman’s risk. Having two first degree relatives rises a woman’s risk by three times. A person’s personal history who have had one breast with cancer is three to four times as likely of developing a new cancer. White women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer than are African-American women, but African-American women are more likely to die from this cancer. However in women under 45 years of age, breast cancer is more common in African-American women.
Kaur, M., MD. “Tanning Booth Junkies”. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatolody.56:375-9(2007). Web. 15 Mar.2010
Tumors are formed by the alteration of the body’s own cells. This can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation, like UV exposure, chemicals or viruses 1. These can disrupt genes that control growth and cause an increase in cell division and proliferation. Proto-oncogenes are those genes that control normal but essential cell processes that keep cell growth and death in check. Two important categories are apoptosis genes, which regulate cell death, and tumor suppressor genes, which decrease cell propagation 1 . If these genes were mutated to the point where they cannot produce a functioning protein, cell division would continue far past what it was supposed to and unhealthy cells would be allowed to live and continue to multiply. This is what creates a malignant tumor. Certain conditions in the body can also promote the growth of cancer cells. One of these is a deficiency of natural killer (NK) cells, which are able to kill cancer cells by creating a pore in the cell membrane with perforin and releasing granzymes into the cell. Low levels of perforin allow for tumor growth 1. Chronic inflammation can also ...
Indoor Tanning beds are controversial and not without risk. The positives and negitives should be told straight up when going to a tanning salon. The risk of developing melanoma skin cancer from over exposure to UVA and UVB radiation has been proven and well documented by the medical field and research. There are a few benefits of using indoor tanning beds such as a positive mood boost, healing of some types of skin disorders and in the production of vitamin D. One must be educated about the use of indoor tanning before deciding to indulge and weigh the risks and benefits before making the decision to go tanning long term.
Melanin helps reduce the absorption of wavelengths into the skin (Chaplin, Jablonski, 59). The more melanin in the skin, the greater the protection against harmful UV rays, and the amount of melanin in the skin correlates with the skin’s color (more melanin means darker skin)....
Cancer is a disease that affects human somatic cells. It causes the cells to divide uncontrollably and form masses known as tumors. There are two different types of cancer tumors. Some tumors are benign and other tumors are malignant. Benign tumors look similar to the tissues that they came from and develop slowly. The tumor remains in the same area that the tumor originated in. Malignant tumors are formed from cells that do not resemble the tissue that they came from. They vary in shape and size. This enables pieces of the tumor to break off and spread to other places in the body. Over the past few decades cancer has become a very prominent disease. There are many different types of cancer and many different causes for the the disease. Most cancers are because of a genetic mutation. The most common type occur when a cell is dividing. Proto-oncogenes, which are alleles in a normal cells, mutate to form oncogenes. These oncogenes cause cancer because they do not allow the cells to self destruct or become epistatic. There have been several research projects which have been testing epistatis.