Tamoxifen Undergoes Optimization
Abstract
Computer programs like GaussView and Gaussian 03W are some of the advanced tools
that can be used by scientists to design and optimize new designed drug. Using the exact same
tools as scientists today, I am going to take a known drug, Tamoxifen, and create few analogs
similar to its structure. Before I can create some analogs in GaussView, I am going to study and
examine the structure of Tamoxifen to understand the chemistry that involves in this structure.
For example, the bonds between molecules and the interactions between the drug and estrogen
receptor complex site. After I design an analog of Tamoxifen, I will then use the Gaussian 03W
program to optimize the analog. As for the last step in determining if an analog is a good
candidate for a new designed drug, I am going to use a special computer program called
OpenEye Software to help me make that prediction.
Introduction
Breast Cancer is the most common type of cancer known among women in the US. It is
the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths. More than 180,000 women are diagnosed with
breast cancer each year. In 2006, out of all of these women, 40,000 died. Although breast cancer
mainly affects women, data shows that men can also be affected as well; each year more than
1,000 men are diagnosed with breast cancer 3. This information shows that cancer can affect
anyone regardless of an individual’s gender, ethnicity, etc. It is important that everyone knows
about breast cancer and helps friends or family members with breast cancer to find way to
diagnose it. In nowadays, scientists are learning more about cancer and are exploring new ways
to prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat this deadly disease 1.
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trials of investigation medical products. The FDA also has to review and approve in a
Over the past decade breast cancer has become one of the most predominant diseases in the United States. Breast cancer starts out as a malignant tumor in the tissues of the breast which is formed from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, but it can also appear in men. (Stephan, 2010)
Throughout many generations the success of medicine has been dog-eared throughout history, from penicillin being created through colonized bacteria on an agar plate to chemotherapy being used to combat the ailments of cancer, we as a society rely a great deal on the effectiveness of medicine. Due to this realization one can agree that it is imperative that the medications that are being distributed and placed on the pharmaceutical market are tested and analyzed at all angles and perspectives to ensure they work effectively and successfully resulting in moderate to no side effects. The progressive industry of medicine has greatly increased since the early nineties thanks to the advancement in medical technology making
A major hurdle in this academic career that I hope to have is going to be the lack of expertise in the designing, implementation and evaluation of clinical trials.
Some risk factors cannot be changed such as age, race, and gender. A person 's risk increases as they get older. Approximately 1 out of 8 women are at risk of developing breast cancer are younger than 55. Approximately 2 out of 3 women are at risk of developing breast cancer who are older than 55 (American Cancer Society, 2014). To decrease this rate, women need more timely follow ups and access to high quality treatments (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Men can develop breast cancer, but this disease is more common among women than men. (American Cancer Society, 2015).
Breast cancer cases are 22% higher than
Today in the United States, Breast Cancer occurs in about one in eight women which is currently the most common cancer among women. The number of cases is expected to decrease due to the advancements in technology and dedicated researchers. Scientists have put an estimated 4.8 billion dollars towards the research every year to help find a cure or a new treatment for breast cancer ("STAT Facts Breast Cancer"). Researchers have found causes, put in research and theories that help with understanding treatments, prevention and also common symptoms and coping mechanisms.
Over the past decade, scientists have made significant advancements in the treatment of certain diseases. Unfortunately, just like any new product, the cost of developing these new technologies and treatments is extremely high. Plus, unlike other technology, heath technolo...
For a drug to get to market it must go through several stages of research and development (Abbott and Vernon). Starting with discovery research, preclinical testing on animals, three phases of clinical trials on humans, and finally FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval (Abbott and Vernon). Out of several thousands of drugs only a few will make it to the FDA approval stage (Abbott and Vernon). Testing is a highly regulated, time consuming, and expensive process. From beginning to end the process can take fifteen years and less than one of five compounds will make it to market where it is still not guaranteed to succeed (Abbott and
We now can find what specific cancer a patient has and where, and give them a variety of treatment options such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and several other types of treatment including experimental drugs. But there is no 100% guarantee that these treatments work. Ancient physicians and surgeons knew that cancer usually came back after it was removed surgically and recognized that there was no cure once the cancer had spread, and thought that intervention may be more harmful that no treatment at all. Some people today still think of cancer as incurable and wait until the last minute to go to the doctor. Galen was a 2nd- century Greek doctor that claimed a breast cancer tumor could be completely removed if it was caught at an early enough
The Web. The Web. 22 Apr. 2014. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1119564/>.
Levy, Joel. The Bedside Book Of Chemistry. Vol. 1. Millers Point: Pier 9, 2011. 34-84. 1 vols. Print.
As defined by Majure, breast cancer is an “uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells” (Majure: 110). It is also one of the cancers that women fear the most. Not only do women get diagnosed with breast cancer, men do too. However, it isn't as bad, or as common, in men as it is in women so doctors don’t recommend screening for men. In the U.S more than one thousand men get affected by breast cancer every year and about two hundred thousand women are affected by breast cancer every year. Women are most likely to get diagnosed with it in their forties and fifties while some may be diagnosed with breast cancer in their twenties, if they started their menstrual cycles at an early age like 14. Typically, men are diagnosed with breast cancer in their sixties or seventies.
The development of new indications for existing products should be figured out by the clinical organization and set the budget limits and achieves the company goals within the available
In the process of developing a drug, thousands upon thousands of chemical compounds are tested to be used in laboratory tests and animal tests. Generally, over 5000 compounds are chosen for such testing. Of 5000 chosen compounds, around five will be acceptable for use on humans in testing. Computers play a huge role in the testing and narrowing down of such chemical compounds used in drugs. Models of chemicals and reactions can be computer simulated to rule out compounds that would not be acceptable. Using computers in such a way greatly reduces the time spent on lengthy animal testing, and also ensures that the drugs that do pass will be safe for human testing.