Tractatus Logico Philosophicus
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Kushagra Varshney, EE10B062
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in 1889 into a very rich family in the cultural capital of of Europe, Vienna. His family supported reputed artists and designers. His father had an engineering enterprise and Wittgenstein also went in the family profession of engineering. He pursued aeronautical engineering in the University of Manchester. His engineering studies led him to develop an interest in mathematics which underlies engineering, and that led to his interest in philosophy and logic that forms the basis of mathematics.
Keen to pursue philosophy, he went to the renowned analytical philosopher and logician, Gottlob Ferge. But Ferge directed him to Cambridge, to study under Bertrand Russell. Russell was another great logician and philosopher of his time, and was one of Wittgenstein inspirations. But due to his clumsiness and stubbornness, Russell initially thought of Wittgenstein as a crank, but soon realised his true genius. Russell believed Wittgenstein would solve many philosophical problems. Soon the role of teacher and student was reversed.
Later he retreated to a village in Norway, and worked on Logik (Notes on Logic) which was the predecessor to Tractatus. When the First World War broke, Wittgenstein immediately joined the Austrio-Hungarian Army and demanded to be posted in battlefield positions. During this time, he worked on solving the fundamental problems of philosophy of logic. In 1918, he took military leave and completed Tractatus and gave it for publishing. During this time a lot of distressful events occurred in his life and the publishers also refused to publish his book. Deeply ...
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...es the “picture theory" to explain how we ascribe meaning to facts and thoughts and their relationship with one another. He says we represent facts to ourselves by means of pictures. A picture must have something in common with the thing that it is trying to represent in oder to represent it properly. For example, to show that the Sun is yellow in colour, a picture of Sun must have colours. To show an object in space, the picture must exist in space. Similarly, a picture of a fact must also have something in common with it - the “logico-pictorial form”- in order to depict the fact.
The elements of a picture - “pictorial elements” - correspond to the elements of a fact, i.e. the objects that constitute it. The way in which the pictorial elements are arranged tell us how the objects are linked together in that state of affair.
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He worked as a columnist for the Cornell Daily Sun until joining the army in 1942. He was captured by the Germans in 1944 and forced to work in a factory, where he lived through the fire bombing of Dresden. This, and the suicide of his mother in 1944, were the two most influential events in his life. After the war he worked for the Chicago News Bureau and studied anthropology. He has written many novels and one short story collection.
People tend to views an image based on how society say it should be they tend to interpret the image on those assumption, but never their own assumptions. Susan Bordo and John Berger writes’ an argumentative essay in relation to how viewing images have an effect on the way we interpret images. Moreover, these arguments come into union to show what society plants into our minds acts itself out when viewing pictures. Both Susan Bordo and John Berger shows that based on assumptions this is what causes us to perceive an image in a certain way. Learning assumption plays into our everyday lives and both authors bring them into reality.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born to a highly educated family on July 1, 1646 in Leipzig. Leibniz’s father, Friedrich Leibniz, was a professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Leipzig and Catharina Schmuck, his mother, was the daughter of a professor of law. With the event of his father’s death, Leibniz was guided by his mother and uncle in his studies. He was also given access to the contents of his father’s library. In 1661 Leibniz began his formal university education at the University of Leipzig. While attending the university he soon met Jacob Thomasius. Thomasius instilled in Leibniz a great respect for ancient and medieval philosophy. After accepting his baccalaureate from Leipzig, Leibniz began studying at the University of Altdorf. While in attendance at Altdorf, Leibniz published Dissertation on the Art of Combinations (Dissertatio de arte combinatoria) in 1666 (Brandon C. Look, 2007). It sketched a plan for a “universal cha...
Ludwig van Beethoven was born in the town of Bonn, Germany on December 16 of 1770. Bonn is located in western Germany on the Rhine River. Beethoven showed an affinity for music at an early age. His father, Johann, taught Ludwig to play the piano as well as the violin. Johann did this in hopes that his son would become a prodigy, and then reach fame like Wolfgang A. Mozart. Unfortunately though Beethoven mother died when he was seventeen. In addition to his mother’s death Beethoven’s father developed an alcohol problem. To escape these problems Beethoven found a job tutoring the two children of the von Breuning family. This relationship proved to be beneficial to Beethoven. The matriarch of the family happened to be well liked in the town of Bonn, so she introduced Beethoven to a few important people.
Elie Wiesel, or Eliezer which is his formal name, was born on September 30, 1928. The name comes from his grandfather who was killed in World War I. He was born in Sighet, Romania. His parents, Shlomo and Sarah (Feig) Wiesel were also natives of his birthplace. The two married out of love although most couples were arranged instead of choosing who to marry. His father was a grocer and a leader of his community while his mother
My chosen methodology for analysis is semiology, Rose (2001) argues semiology confronts the problem of how images make meanings directly. It is not simply descriptive, as compositional interpretation does not appear to be, nor does it rely on quantitative estimations of significance, as content analysis at some level has to. Instead, semiology offers a wide range of analytical tools for depicting an image apart and tracing how it works in relation to broader systems of meaning. A semiological analysis entails the implementation of highly refined set of concepts, which construct detailed accounts of the particular ways the meanings of an image are produced through that image.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), born in Frieburg, Moravia which is known as the Chezch Republic. Having a stern father and a big family was the foundation for one of his well known theories of the Oedipus complex.
Often by comparing an idea to an object that can be symbolically related somehow, the level of understanding is increased, and then that object can later be used as a trigger mechanism for recalling the specifics of that concept (Matlin, 1998, p. 351). "…a visual image can let us escape from the boundaries of traditional representations. At the same time, however, the visual image is somewhat concrete; it serves as a symbol for a theory that has not yet bee...
... the sense of sight has been incorporated into depicting the story behind what is denoted between the traditions, social orders and situations during the period the images were produced.
This book is a note written by Roland Barthes to record the dialectical way he thought about the eidos(form, essence, type, species) of Photographs. Roland Barthes was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist in his lifetime, but surprisingly he was not a photographer. As Barthes had a belief that art works consists with signs and structures, he had investigated semiotics and structuralism. However, through Camera Lucida, he realized the limitation of structuralism and the impression to analyze Photography with only semiotics and structuralism. Barthes concludes with talking about unclassifiable aspects of Photography. I could sense the direction Barthes wanted to go through the first chapter ‘Specialty of the Photograph’. He tried to define something by phenomenology
Elie Wiesel was born on September 30, 1928 in the town of Sighet in Transylvania, Romania. His parents, Shlomo Wiesel and Sarah Feig, had three other children, including Elie. The three other siblings were his sisters Hilda, Bea, and Tsiporah. Wiesel and his family were primarily an Orthodox Jewish family. When he was very young, he started to study Hebrew and the Bible.
The painting achieves unity by use of proximity, creating a relationship between the elements by placing figures engaged in various activities closely
Bertrand Russell was born in 1872 in Wales, England as a member of a famous British family. He received a degree from Trinity Cambridge College with honors in Mathematics and Moral Sciences. His most famous works included the subjects of logic and philosophy, which were deeply rooted in his mathematics background. In fact, Russell is probably the most highly regarded and most read English-speaking philosopher of our time. Russell was not merely an intellectual, but also a political and social activist, writing many papers and pamphlets speaking out against war, nuclear technology and Fascism. Russell was, in fact, jailed for writing a pacifist pamphlet speaking out against England's participation in the First World War. Russell was also known as often vehemently speaking out against organized religion, especially that of Christianity. He wrote papers such as, "Why I am not a Christian" and "A Free Man's Worship." He also regarded marriage and sex in way uncommon for those times, and proposed that there was really nothing wrong with college-aged adults having childless encounters before marriage, but still held that marriage is "the best and most important relation that can exist between human beings" . It seems that Russell's theories on marriage and sex may have caused the protest that led to be him being dismissed after an appointment to City College in New York City. Russell, along with his fellow Cambridge alumnus G. E. Moore, were at the forefront of the philosophical movement leading towards anal...
John Berger presents a multifaceted argument regarding art, its interpretations, and the various ways of seeing. Berger asserts that there is gap between the image that the subject sees and the one that was originally painted by the artist. Many factors influence the meaning of the image to the subject and those factors are unique to the subject themselves. Seeing is not simply a mechanical function but an interactive one. Even the vocabulary is subject to specialized scrutiny by Berger; an image is a reproduction of an original product, while only the product itself may truly be a ‘painting’. Images are seen at an arbitrary location and circumstance – they are different for everyone – while the product, which is in one place, is experienced
Beethoven was born in Bonn Germany. At 14, he held the occupation of a court organist. Sadly, his father was a drunken singer, and barely supported his family. Consequently, the money Beethoven earned assisted his family. In 1778, he traveled to Vienna and met Wolfgang A. Mozart who instantly acknowledged his brilliance. However, on account of his mother’s illness, he returned to his home town, and had to support his brothers after her death. He gave music lessons in Bonn, in addition to playing the viola in the theater orchestra. Settling in Vienna in 1792, he studied with masters such as Joseph Haydn. He appeared as a pianist and gaine...