Sarah Miller Extra Credit Chapter 9 TCP/IP Management TCP/IP internets require continuous regulating and provisioning. With this in mind, it takes a great amount of competence and management effort to effectively and efficiently run TCP/IP. TCP/IP is a collection of protocols and tools used for communicating over a network. TCP/IP is also the main protocol used for internetwork communications. While TCP/IP is quite complicated, it is the most versatile protocol around. Some commonly used notions that surround TCP/IP management is that generally with TCP/IP, a client-server mode of operation is used. To run the TCP/IP server software, a gateway is used. A controlling host will run the client software. Also, an authentication method is needed to access to the server. To keep status reports, a management information base is used (Adnet, 44). IP Subnet Planning An organization has 32 bits for their IP addresses. While the network part is assigned and unchangeable, an organization can decide what to do with the rest of the address. One option that an organization can choose is to subnet its IP address space, which means the remaining bits are divided into a subnet part and a host part. When figuring out how many possibilities one has for their subnet, they can use the equation 2N. However, it is important to remember that a network, subnet, or host can’t be all 0s or 1s. With this in mind, an organization can have 2N-2 networks, subnets, or hosts. When it comes to creating one’s IP address, one realizes that the larger the subnet part is, the more subnets an organization can have. Yet, the larger the subnet part is, the smaller the host part will be. Therefore there will be less hosts per subnet. This means that if one wants more... ... middle of paper ... ...t, a second-level domain name is worthless unless the organization buys or rents a webserver, builds a website, and then pays for an ISP to connect the website to the Internet. DHCP Servers A DHCP server is in charge of assigning IP addresses and other configuration information to a client PC. This allows for the PC to boot up with all its current configuration information. With the way this system works, every time the client PC boots up, it will have a different IP address. This is different from servers, which receive static IP addresses that allows them to have the same IP address every time. Having a static IP address allows for clients to find the servers. A DHCP server responds to a client PC when the PC broadcasts a dynamic host configuration protocol message to all of the nearby hosts. The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) IPv6 Management
6. The destination address for the DHCP client and server are both 255.255.255.255. The source IP address for the client is 0.0.0.0, while the server uses its own actual IP address as the source.
In this lab, we used Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which is a connection oriented protocol, to demonstrate congestion control algorithms. As the name itself describes, these algorithms are used to avoid network congestion. The algorithms were implemented in three different scenarios i.e. No Drop Scenario, Drop_Fast Scenario and Drop_NoFast Scenario.
IPv4 is the original internet addressing system. It is a protocol which was used on packet-switched networks. Delivery model is how it operates at its best without a guaranteed avoidance of duplicate in delivery or assurance of proper sequencing. Some aspects include data integrity which is mostly addressed by TCP. IPV4 uses binary notation to sort at time IP address that consist of 32 bits. It is a practice to convert the 32 bits of an IPv4 address into four 8 bit known as octets. With each octet converted to a decimal number (base 10) from (0–255) and parted by a period developed a format called dotted decimal notation. IPv4 has a category of address class types: Class A, B, C, D and E. The class A addresses are used for big networks and always start with zero bits. Each Class A address network can hold up as many as 16,777,216 hosts.
Two of the pairs of two represent network and host, One identifies the network an the second part indentifies the node, or host.
The internet works on the basis that some computers act as ‘servers’. These computers offer services for other computers that are accessing or requesting information, these are known as ‘clients’. The term “server” may refer to both the hardware and software (the entire computer system) or just the software that performs the service. For example, Web server may refer to the Web server software in a computer that also runs other applications or it may refer to the computer system dedicated only to the Web server applicant. For example, a large Web site could have several dedicated Web servers or one very large Web server.
IP – The Internet Protocol (IP) - is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
A network can be based on either a peer-to-peer level or server-based, also referred to as domain-based. To distinguish the difference, a peer-to-peer network, also known as a workgroup, is a network in which a group of computers are connected together to share resources, such as files, applications, or peripherals. The computers in a peer-to-peer network are peers to one another, meaning no single computer has control over one another. There is also no central location for users to access resources, which means that each individual computer must share their files in order for other computers to have access (Muller, 2003, p.411). “In a peer-to-peer environment, access rights are governed by setting sharing permissions on individual machines.” (Cope, 2002) On the other hand, in a domain-based network, the computers connected together are either servers or clients. All of the other computers connected to the network are called client computers. The server is a dedicated machine that acts as a central location for users to share and access resources. The server controls the level of authority each user has to the shared resources. When logging on to the network, users on client machines are authenticated by the server, based on a user name and password (Lowe, 2004, p.13).
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a standard used to allow multiple PCs on a private network to share a single, globally routable IPv4 address. NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and usually one address externally. The main reason NAT is often deployed is because IPv4 addresses are getting scarce. NAT is an immediate, but temporary, solution to the IPv4 address exhaustion problem that will eventually be rendered unnecessary with the deployment of the IPv6. The Internet Engineering Task Force has been aware of the impending depletion of the current address space for almost a decade.
The Internet consists of a three level hierarchy composed of backbone networks (e.g. ARPAnet, NSFNet, MILNET), mid-level networks, and stub networks. These include commercial (.com or .co), university (.ac or .edu) and other research networks (.org, .net) and military (.mil) networks and span many different physical networks around the world with various protocols, chiefly the Internet Protocol.
...vantage of the overall network design and implement usable subnets with virtual local area networks. Use encryption and encapsulation to secure communications of public segments to enable extranets and cross-Internet company traffic. Use items such as intrusion detection systems and firewalls to keep unauthorized users out and monitor activity. Taken together, these pieces can make a secure network that is efficient, manageable, and effective.
...o build an efficient Internet Protocol based network architecture. IP transport division design, produce and market products and equipments for optical communication data transmission. IP platform division provides software and related services to enterprises to manage their customer voice and data communication.
Corporate Networks in organisations can be complex structures that “requires a great deal of attention” (Clemm 2007). Even small companies can have quite complex networks that are a considerable investment to the business. The notion that corporate network management is a cost to a business rather than a continual beneficial investment is a naive assumption that requires further investigation to the benefits that network management brings. Clemm (Clemm 2007) states in his text that the ultimate goal of network management “is to reduce and minimize total cost of ownership”, improving operational efficiency and lowering cost. Clemm (Clemm 2007) also notes that “Network Management is not just related to cost and quality”, which will be an continual concept presented throughout the report. The report will address key issues with corporate network management and ultimately argue and justify that corporate network management must be seen as a positive benefit to the business and not as a continual expense. The supporting articles will also provide sound evidence that networking is crucial to a business’s processes and production which can be seen from the OpenSSL Heartbleed Security vulnerability fiasco (Nieva 2014) or the QANTAS Amadeus system failure (Heasley 2012).
The Internet is a network of networks, linking computers to computers sharing the TCP/IP protocols. Each runs software to provide or "serve" information and/or to access and view information. The Internet is the transport vehicle for the information stored in files or documents on another computer. It can be compared to an international communications utility servicing computers. It is sometimes compared to a giant international plumbing system.
TCP/IP is a network model which enables the communication across the Internet. The most fundamental protocol on which the Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided into five parts. Firstly explaining how the TCP and UDP the most vital protocols needed to deliver and communicate.
... middle of paper ... ... TCP/IP operates at levels 3 and 4 of the OSI model.