In today’s world of beauty, synthetic polymers are routinely used in many personal care and cosmetic products. Women and men want to use products that contain polymers because these products help them to reach a desired look. The use of polymers to create specific hair, face and body products it becoming more and more inevitable as time continues. These products, whilst not being the best for the environment, do an excellent job at creating products that improve hair texture, malleability and growth as well as applications in many makeup items. Without the use of synthetic polymers in the cosmetic and personal care industry, companies would not be able to make the claims that they do about the efficacy of their products.
Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil and are made by scientists and engineers. There are two main types of synthetic polymers commonly used in cosmetics. Organic polymers based on alpha olefins and inorganic materials which are based on silicones. “Alpha-olefins are a family of organic compounds which are alkenes with a chemical formula CxH2x, distinguished by having a double bond at the primary or alpha position.” (Burdick and Leffler, n.d.)
The majority of polymers in the cosmetic industry are products that are comprised of carbon-carbon bonds formed from addition reactions. These usually
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These polymers are often water-based and include silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and proteins. Naturally derived thickeners are an example of polymers that absorb water which causes the product “to swell up and increase the viscosity of a product.” (Jones and Selinger, 2016) They are often used in cosmetics if the product’s consistency is too thick. Solvents such as water or alcohol can be added to thin out the product. The polymers that fall in this category are hydroxyethyl cellulose, guar gum, xanthan gum and
We all know that cosmetics existed thousands of years ago. Cleopatra used a heavy arsenal of beauty aids to help her shake the foundations of the Roman Empire. Yes, cosmetics and perfumes have a long history, but the consumer industry we live in is relatively recent, a creation of the decades 1890 through 1920. The products hawked in the 19th Century by druggists, perfumers, barbers, physicians, and a colorful assortment of other enterprising individuals were primitive by our standards. Certainly, active ingredients were used with abandon, notably arsenic, lead, and mercury. These were products that really made visible differences, and the consumer was well-advised to be wary of the majority of these mysterious concoctions.
The purpose of this experiment was to create a polymer by reacting a mixture of decanedioyl dichloride and dichloromethane with a mixture of water, 1,6-hexadiamine and sodium carbonate. Specifically, we created the polymer Nylon-6,10. Nylon-6,10 polymers are used in a vast majority of things we use in everyday life such as zippers, the bristles in brushes, and even car parts. This experiment was different from the industrial method of making nylon because that takes place at a much higher temperature. A polymer is a substance that has a structure made of similar or identical units bonded together. All polymerizations fall into two categories: step-growth and chain-growth (both of which we used to form our polymer). Step growth polymerization
SUMMARIZE: The article grants information on new models in cosmetics to take the place of animal experimentation. It goes on to talk about how the European Union has now banned using animal-based test for cosmetic reasoning. Pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies have been using computer-like tools to assess the toxicity it has for years. The author incorporates information on cosmetics and the outlook on further research. ‘According to experts, combination of laboratory-based with virtual work will be the future of testing and is progressing faster than they expected.” (87 words)
The hidden ingredients in most lipsticks are Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Retinyl Palmitate, D&C Red 36, D&C Red 22 Aluminum Lake, and Tocopheryl Acetate. Most of these harsh chemicals all have an effect of cancer or helps develop some form of disease. This is why most companies do not disclose this piece of information on its label, because they are afraid people will not purchase the object if they knew the effects of the harsh chemicals.
Historically, the purpose of a cosmetic product, which include personal hygiene products, skin care product, make-up and perfumery product, was to decorate and modify the appearance and odour. Although originally its purpose was essentially to enhance the appearance and odour , cosmetic products have gradually developed towards more functional role and continue to gain the capacity to cleanse, dramatically modify, protect and maintain in good condition. Cosmetic product are intended for application on the skin, external mucous membranes, hair ,and nails and to have a local effect , it is not intended to respond to metabolical needs , and is not the function of the cosmetic
Because of this, the review aims to contrast studies of both the positive and negatives of parabens to establish a generally accepted answer as to the safety of parabens in cosmetics; as part of that,
There are over a thousand ingredients that are used in cosmetics that are already proven to be safe for human use. These ingredients can be mixed and matched creating new and unique products. Many people argue that this is not suitable for the demanding market. The craving for "new" and "im...
researchers reported that one in eight of the 82,000 ingredients used in beauty products are
The plastic obtained from polyethylene can be pressed into varying shapes, ranging from the simplest to the most complicated. The ethylene market is indirectly driven by the increased polyethylene consumption for the production of several plastic components. In 2011, the global propylene market is valued at more than $ 90 billion and significant growth is anticipated in the coming years. Acrylic fibers and coatings, PVC plasticizers and coatings, polyurethane resins, epoxy resins and propylene polymers are applied on polycarbonates and solvents, that are used in the production of propylene. The automotive industry is the biggest end-user of polypropylene. The enormous expansion of ethylene and propylene production will contribute to the growth of the ethylene and propylene market, along with the rising demand for downstream products from India, China, and the Middle East. Tight environmental regulations, fluctuations in raw material prices and political uncertainties in crude oil producing regions are the main factors limiting the ethylene and propylene market [9].
There are two types of synthetic polymers which are called condensation and addition polymers. The condensation polymers result when there is a reaction between two poly functional molecules which gets rid off a small molecule. For example, the polyester Dacron is a synthetic condensation polymer. Addition polymers on the other hand are formed in a domino effect including monomers with double bonds. Once the polymers are formed they tend to take on a linear shape or a star/comb like shape and then they are classified as linear and branched polymers. There are four major biological macromolecules which are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are sugar molecules that are made from C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are carbohydrates divided into simple sugars while polysaccharides are carbohydrates that are divided into complex sugars such as starch. Lipids are substances like fat and phospholipids are important components of all living creatures. They are hydrophobic and thus it is difficult to break down to form energy. Biological polymers are made of amino acids, nucleotides and sugars. A significant biological polymer
The synthesis of polymers starts with ethylene, (or ethene). Ethylene is obtained as a by-product of petrol refining from crude oil or by dehydration of ethanol. Ethylene molecules compose of two methylene units (CH2) linked together by a double carbon
It is one of largest group of organic thermoplastic polymers [1] as well as because it’s non-porous or non-polar and odorless material that is used in structural plastics, consumer goods, food packaging and industrial products. Polyolefin states “oil like” and is commonly cited to as thermoplastic or polyalkene has a waxy texture. This type of compound for the most part utilized in the field of research and production in the petrochemical and organic chemistry industries.
Goering, Sara. "Cosmetics." Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics. Ed. Carl Mitcham. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 434-437. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Nov. 2013
German Chemist Hans von Pechmann first synthesized Polyethylene by accident in 1898 by heating diazomethane. His colleagues characterized the waxy substance polyethylene due to the fact that they recognized that it consisted of long ethene chains. It was then first industrially synthesized by accident in 1933 by applying extremely high pressure to ethylene and benzaldehyde. Over the years, development of polyethylene has increased due to the additions of catalyst. This makes ethylene polymerization possible at lower temperatures and pressures.1
Concepts of beauty change among people. However, this idea of beauty sticks to human minds, making it the centre of our lives. Media has been the most influential way to harvest those stereotypes of the perfect image in this society. One of the daily things used by women, although the number of men is growing, are cosmetics. Cosmetics are very handy and affordable ways to improve one's appearance. Mascara, foundation, lotions, creams, and treatments are flooding the market, promising to succeed in making us beautiful. Manufacturing processes for cosmetics vary depending on the product. Nevertheless, they all have in common the testing control point, to assure a safe and efficient product. This efficiency and safety is measured in the industry, using principally animals. Animal testing encloses numerous cruel practices, hurting our ecosystem. Some alternatives for reducing and finishing animal testing are, the use of in vitro tissue culture, computer modelling, as well as the usage of natural ingredients in manufacture.