Nexium is a delayed-released capsule that is composed of S-5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy 3, 5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl) methylsulfinyl]-3H-benzoimidazole.7 The chemical formula for esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate is (C17H18N3O3S) 2Mg. 3H2O. The three water molecules show that esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate is slightly soluble in water.7 Esomeprazole salt is the S-enantiomer of omeprazole which contains both S and R-isomers.7 The S-isomer is active as it is attached to four different compounds meanwhile the R-isomer is inactive. The chiral center of the S-isomer is the sulfur which is located in the middle of the compound bonded to two carbon atoms on either side of the sulfur. The sulfur also has a double bonded oxygen atom, and two lone pairs of electrons indicating that it has a tetrahedral bond angle hence chirality.11
Figure 2: The structure of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate
The synthesis of esomeprazole magnesium is divided into two sections; section I and II. Section I demonstrates the synthesis of omeprazole which is the S enantiomer of esomeprazole. It starts with 2,3,5 Trimethyl pyridine (1) which is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid to give the n-oxide (2). This is then nitrated with a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid to give the 4-nitro derivative (3). The nitro group in compound (3) is then displaced by hydroxymethylation in a nucleophilic substitution reaction to yield compound (4). This is then treated with acetic acid anhydride in a redox reaction to yield the ester derivative (5). Compound 5 is then treated with a base to form the corresponding alcohol (6). The hydroxyl group of compound 6 is then displaced in a substitution reaction with a chloride using thionyl chloride to give 2-chloromethy...
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...d 8 in Section I of the Synthesis Reaction
The functional groups that where identified by the proton NMR in this compound are methoxy, sulfoxide, as well as an amine functional group. The methoxy group will shift between 3.5to 4.0 ppm in the ‘H NMR. A sulfoxide group will not show in the ‘H NMR because it has no hydrogens attached to it. An amine group will indicate between 8.0-9.0ppm in the ‘HNMR meaning it is more downfield based on the groups around it.8 The peaks were applied based on the rule n+1, where n is the number of neighboring hydrogens. Methoxy is a singlet because when looking at the structure of esomeprazole magnesium, you notice that there is no neighboring hydrogen therefore showing that 0+1= 1. The parts labelled B and C are the sulfoxide and amine groups which are both doublets because they have neighboring hydrogens which averages two as 1+1=2.
...e 3. Both letters A and B within the structure of trans-9-(2-phenylethenyl) anthracene, that make up the alkene, have a chemical shift between 5-6 ppm and both produce doublets because it has 1 adjacent hydrogen and according to the N + 1 rule that states the number of hydrogens in the adjacent carbon plus 1 provides the splitting pattern and the number of peaks in the split signal, which in this case is a doublet.1 Letters C and D that consist of the aromatic rings, both are multiplets, and have a chemical shift between 7-8 ppm. 1H NMR could be used to differentiate between cis and trans isomers of the product due to J-coupling. When this occurs, trans coupling will be between 11 and 19 Hz and cis coupling will be between 5 and 14 Hz, showing that cis has a slightly lowered coupling constant than trans, and therefore have their respective positions in a product. 2
The C-H (sp3) hydrogens from our product displayed at wavelength 2959 cm-1 correlates to the methyl groups located on the ends of isopentyl acetate4. A really prominent, strong peak located at 1742 cm-1 shows that a C=O ester stretch is located in the product, along with at 1244 cm-1 the spectrum shows a strong peak representing the C(=O)-O stretch that is crucial to the structure of isopentyl acetate. Shown in my IR spectrum is a weak O-H (H-bonded) peak at 3464 cm-1 which shows that I have an impurity of isopentyl alcohol in my product. Isopentyl alcohol has similar boiling points and density as my product so the impurity could have easily boiled out with the isopentyl acetate during distillation. The isopentyl alcohol was also present in my 1H-NMR spectrum backing up the impurity peak at 3464
A weak peak was at a position between 1600-1620 cm-1 can also be seem in the IR, which was likely to be aromatic C=C functional group that was from two benzene rings attached to alkynes. On the other hand, the IR spectrum of the experimental diphenylacetylene resulted in 4 peaks. The first peak was strong and broad at the position of 3359.26 cm-1, which was most likely to be OH bond. The OH bond appeared in the spectrum because of the residue left from ethanol that was used to clean the product at the end of recrystallization process. It might also be from the water that was trapped in the crystal since the solution was put in ice bath during the recrystallization process. The second peak was weak, but sharp. It was at the position of 3062.93 cm-1, which indicated that C-H (sp2) was presence in the compound. The group was likely from the C-H bonds in the benzene ring attached to the alkyne. The remaining peaks were weak and at positions of 1637.48 and 1599.15 cm-1, respectively. This showed that the compound had aromatic C=C function groups, which was from the benzene rings. Overall, by looking at the functional groups presented in the compound, one can assume that the compound consisted of diphenylacetelene and ethanol or
The molecular formula is C23H27FN4O2, with a molecular weight of 410.49 (Ereshefsky & Mascarena, 2003). Route of administration is oral. Once the drug passes the esophagus and stomach, it makes its way into the small intestines. There are beds of capillaries within the intestine walls.
After performing the second TLC analysis (Figure 4), it was apparent that the product had purified because of the separation from the starting spot, unlike Figure 3. In addition, there was only spot that could be seen on the final TLC, indicating that only one isomer formed. Since (E,E) is the more stable isomer due to a less steric hindrance relative to the (E,Z) isomer, it can be inferred that (E,E) 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene was the sole product. The proton NMR also confirmed that only (E,E) 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene formed; based on literature values, the (E,E) isomer has peaks between 6.6-7.0 ppm for vinyl protons and 7.2-7.5 ppm for the phenyl protons. Likewise, the (E,Z) isomer has vinyl proton peaks at 6.2-6.5 ppm and 6.7-6.9 ppm in addition to the phenyl protons. The H NMR in Figure 5 shows multiplets only after 6.5 ppm, again confirming that only (E,E) 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene formed. In addition, the coupling constant J of the (E,E) isomer is around 14-15 Hz, while for the (E,Z) isomer it is 11-12 Hz. Based on the NMR in Figure 5, the coupling constant is 15.15 Hz, complementing the production of (E,E)
Discuss the possible drug and excipient-related constrains of the formulation (no identity of the drug was given to you at this
The IR spectrum that was obtained of the white crystals showed several functional groups present in the molecule. The spectrum shows weak sharp peak at 2865 to 2964 cm-1, which is often associated with C-H, sp3 hybridised, stretching in the molecule, peaks in this region often represent a methyl group or CH2 groups. There are also peaks at 1369 cm-1, which is associated with CH3 stretching. There is also C=O stretching at 1767 cm-1, which is a strong peak due to the large dipole created via the large difference in electronegativity of the carbon and the oxygen atom. An anhydride C-O resonates between 1000 and 1300 cm-1 it is a at least two bands. The peak is present in the 13C NMR at 1269 and 1299 cm-1 it is of medium intensity.
As a final point, the unknown secondary alcohol α-methyl-2-naphthalenemethanol had the R-configuration since it reacted the fastest with S-HBTM and much slower with R-HBTM. TLC was a qualitative method and ImageJ served as a quantitative method for determining which reaction was the faster esterification. Finally, 1H NMR assisted in identifying the unknown from a finite list of possible alcohols by labeling the hydrogens to the corresponding peaks.
Omeprazole belongs to the family of medications called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It slows or prevents the production of acid within the stomach and is used to treat conditions where reduction in acid secretion is required for proper healing including stomach and intestinal ulcers (gastric and duodenal ulcers), the prevention and treatment of ulcers associated with medications known as NSAIDs, reflux oesophagitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, heartburn, and gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Omeprazole, like other proton-pump inhibitors, blocks the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. By blocking the enzyme, the production of acid is decreased, and this allows the stomach and oesophagus to heal. This essay will discuss the therapeutic effect and uses of Omeprazole, its mechanism of action, administration and dosage, dose-related and non-d...
Mylanta Suspension (Magnesium hydroxide): Minor interaction when taken with digoxin since “digoxin decreases the levels of magnesium hydroxide by increasing renal clearance”("Magnesium," 2015, p. 2). This has the greatest ability to absorb or bind to the surface of other drugs, resulting in decreased bioavailability.
Lasix is known as the “water pill” it’s a diuretic administrated orally.(1) The active ingredient of Lasix is furosemide, but also includes a number of inactive ingredients including lactose monohydrate NF, magnesium stearate NF, starch NF, talc USP, and colloidal silicon dioxide NF. (1) The peak effects of furosemide are typically seen within the first hour of two after a dose of the medication. (1). Lasix is prescribed for individuals to treat edema that may arise from congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or renal disease. (1) In adults, furosemide may also be taken to treat hypertension itself.(1) Furosemide comes in 20, 40, and 80mg tablets as well as oral suspensions.(2) Furosemide is absorbed rapidly from oral suspension at 50 minutes, and from tablets at 87 minutes.(2) Food may slow down the absorption of the drug and alter the bioavalibitly.(1) Furosemide binds to plasma proteins, albumin being the main plasma protein that furosemide binds to, at 91-99%, and peak plasma concentrations increase with the increase of a single dose.(2) Furosemide is excreted through the urine and the remainder is excreted in the feces. (2) The half-life for furosemide is approximately 2 hours but the diuretic effects last 6-8 hours. (2)
In this lab, I determined the amount of heat exchanged in four different chemical reactions only using two different compounds and water. The two compounds used were Magnesium Hydroxide and Citric Acid. Both compounds were in there solid states in powder form. Magnesium Hydroxide was mixed with water and the change in heat was measured using a thermometer. The next reaction combined citric acid and magnesium hydroxide in water. The change in heat was measured as well. For the third reaction citric acid was placed in water to measure the change in heat. In the last reaction, citric acid was combined with water. The heat exchanged was again measured. It is obvious we were studying the calorimetry of each reaction. We used a calorimeter
It has a molecular mass of 437.52 and forms a yellow crystalline powder. This drug needs to be a freshly prepared solution at the time of use. The solutions are only stable for certain durations of time. In order for this to be done the vial containing the Meropenem powder is constituted with sterile water. This then shall be injected for bolus administration. This solution can only be stored for up to 3 hours at 77 degrees Ferinheight or 13 hours at 41 degrees Ferinheight (2). Solutions that are for infusion u...
Aim: The aim of this experiment was to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.