1. DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION AND DISASSEMBLY
INTRODUCTION
In the building industry, sustainability is a measure to determine the harm of a structure to the environment. A sustainable building always takes certain procedures to minimize and limit its damage to its surrounding. Nowadays every architect has something to say over this topic but their ideas are mainly focused on energy aspect and innovative materials.
One of the best ways to evaluate sustainability of a building is by using life cycle assessment model (LCA).A LCA model investigates the environmental impacts of each stage, in the life cycle of a building(Crowther, 2001, p. 3). This model can also be used to determine in which sector, buildings have the most negative impact. As it shown in Figure 2, electricity consumption and waste output have the greatest impact(Bayer, Gamble, Gentry, & Joshi, 2010, p. 43). Therefore it can be concluded that by minimizing the building waste and energy consumption, this industry can be more sustainable.
FIGURE 2 CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
To get a better perspective of this issue, it is important to analyze the approach of other industries. In comparison to other industries, building sector has products with bigger scale. However, they give barley attention to recycling and reuse.
With the ever growing of world population, the demand for natural material is increasing more and more. Over the next 50 years, the material usage will increase with a 300% factor. The building sector is responsible for 50% of it. In addition, 40% of waste production is also from this sector (Durmisevic, 2009, p. 14). Most of the building waste is generated by demolition and renovation interventions. To minimize this waste production, an alter...
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...asidharan & Chani, 2011, pp. 35-36).
TABLE 2 BENEFITS OF DFDD
• Reduction of construction waste
• Possibility of reuse of a component in new structure
• Efficient use of natural resources
• Possibility of transportation of the whole building
• Reduce energy consumption and CO2 emission
• Extending the life span of a building by giving a possibility for renovation and modification.
• Increase the value of the building and its components when the structure is required for a short time.
• Make the structure more flexible.
• Disassembly is faster than demolition therefore, lower labor cost.
STRATEGIES AND PRINCIPLES
In the previous sections, different aspects of DFDD were analyzed. This section is dedicated to various possible strategies and principles that can be used in a DFDD based design. what can be done? Michael Pulaski answered this question in very explicit way
With the alarming growth in the energy costs and environmental concern in construction projects there is a continuous demand for sustainable buildings. LEED® evaluates the sustainable performance through a 69-point credit system which mainly emphasizes Indoor environmental quality, energy and atmosphere, sustainable sites, water efficiency, materials and resources and innovation in design (Azhar, Carlton, Olsen and Ahmad (2011)).
..., Design, and Development Process, Cost-Effective—Use Economic Analysis to Evaluate Facility Investment Decisions, Cost-Effective—Consider Non-Monetary Benefits such as Aesthetics, Historic Preservation, Security, and Safety, Sustainable, Productive, Functional
The sustainable interior design has a different main guideline; before esthetics, there is ethics. It has as main objective the healthy, the beneficial or harmful for the health of the people who live in the homes and to preserve the natural environment that surrounds it.
Council house is first purpose built office building in Australia and also known as CH2 and located in Melbourne CBD, which is at 240 Little Collins Street, Melbourne. CH2 is one of the biggest sustainable building in Australia, which is owned by city of Melbourne and has achieved maximum six Green Star rating, certifies by the Green Building Council of Australia on 22 March 2005 (Green Building Council of Australia, 2014). CH2 building construction started in 2004 and was completed in 2006. Building occupies about 12,536 m2, architected by City of Melbourne in association with Mick Pearce with Designlnc. As new building development CH2 is meant to be a ‘lighthouse project’, and also influence future design to be more efficient and sustainable and to make building sustainable many different strategies were used. When building was designing, some objective was to be greenhouse neutral, to improve the employee wellbeing, conserve energy and water and not only that but improve the wellbeing of it’s occupants through the quality of the internal environment of the building (City of Melbourne, no date). Council house 2 had to meed the spatial requirement and leads the way in the development of a holistic green environment. Over all Melbourne City Council wanted a building that is Healthy, Carbon Neutral, beneficial for its inhabitant and not depend on ageing public infrastructure and they got success to deliver their expectation in Council House 2 building. This report
A sustainable building, or green building, or green Architecture was fundamentally seen in so many ancient civilizations and traditional architectures. So it is no more a new trend except that in the present it is viewed through a new perspective and with a proper technological support (Pawar Satish, 2014). The ‘Building Sector’ is the major source of demand for energy and materials e.g. steel that also produce by-product greenhouse gases (GHG) which is also prone to rusting and other weather degrading factors. However, a low-cost and renewable resource for permanent construction could be based on ‘Bamboo’. In tropical regions, construction size Bamboo reaches full strength already after 3-4 years. Bamboo can be seen growing on hill sides and along roads and fields it does not encroach on agricultural land either. On the contrary, Bamboo can prevent erosion and even revitalize devastated rain forest soil. Local economy can be promoted at all steps in the supply chain of Bamboo. Bamboo can even be of great help to the whole world by its remarkable CO2 sequestrating capacity. Bamboo has historically been used as a building material due to its inherent properties, being regenerating, biodegradable, with high tensile strength, and
Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, the health and comfort of building occupants, thereby improving building performance. The basic objects of sustainability are to reduce consumption of non-renewable resources, minimal waste, and create healthy, productive environments (“Sustainable Design”). Focusing primarily on the sustainable design principles, there are five, including: low-impact materials, energy efficiency, quality and durability, design for reuse and recycling, and renewability. As sustainability appears to become the necessary trend in architecture, the question concerning the cost versus outcome of “going green” really an investment or a waste of time and money comes to mind. With our research provided below, we believe the expenses may truly be with the investment in the end.
The present world with its sustainable resources, environment and way of life became developed. The population growth, consuming almost all the available resources, to meet people’s needs, should be a major concern. The consumption of material and energy around the world which is about to eliminate the available supply, has increased over the last two decades, especially in the built environment. In order to access other reserves of fuel, the more energy will be needed to use.
The future for these products is also quite often over looked. The components are not made to be detachable, so the different materials cannot be recycled correctly or recycled at all, which leads to landfills and pollution. Every material, from wood to steel to carbon fibre has an environmental story behind it and these can all be reused, however there is quite often not enough thought into this design aspect. These components are not labelled correctly for recycling and the result is a scarred landscape. However recycling these days has now turned into a way of life for us. Bins are now everywhere marked with the unmistakeable ‘three-green-arrow’ (another remarkable graphic design – now playing a huge role in the way we live), which lets members of the public kn...
Implementation of green concepts has been significant not only in design engineering but also in construction. Therefore the knowledge about green design has been a very important fact for the sustainable development in civil engineering. Concepts such as green buildings, carbon foot print, ecological foot print and LEED rating system have helped to achieve sustainable development for civil engineering
A green building (also referred to as sustainable building or green construction) is a structure that employs an approach that is responsible for the environment besides being efficient in regard to resources all through its life cycle: This is from selecting the site to designing it, constructing, operating, maintaining, renovating and demolishing it. To achieve this, the client, the engineers, the architects and the entire design team closely cooperate at all stages of a project (Yan and Paliniotis, 2006). Practicing Green Building complements and expands the conventional building design areas of comfort, durability, utility and economy.
The use of green materials is better for the environment because they have a positive impact on the planet. Looking at our environment today we see a place that has been facing a massive climate change. Scientists have been concerned over global warming for decades. The ongoing increase of the earth’s temperature is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect (“Global Warming” 27). Building with green materials produces significantly lower greenhouse gas emission. Specifically, wood as a material for building products, requires considerably less energy than other building products such as steel and concrete. Wood product manufacture results in fewer greenhouse gas and other air-polluting emissions (“Green Building Benefits”). Green building also results in waste reduction. In the United States, construction and demolition creates a huge amount of solid waste. Green building limits the waste prod...
Buildings consume a variety of materials in their construction. Green design reduces the dependence on resource intensive products and materials. Today, there are an increasing number of products available made from efficient, earth-friendly, or recycled materials. In a green building, consideration is also given to the construction process itself. Materials that minimize waste or can be recycled, help contribute to an efficient and environmentally sensitive construction process.
...s undergone several iterations to include the variety of different project development types, align with policy changes, and adapt to new technologies and innovations in sustainable buildings denoted in Table 1 (U.S. Green Building Council, 2009; Winchip, 2011). Currently, the LEED rating system product portfolio includes: Homes, Neighborhood Development (ND), Commercial Interiors (CI), Core and Shell, New Construction (NC- and Major Renovations), Existing buildings (Operations and Maintenance), Schools, Retail (CI), and Healthcare elaborated in Table ? (Green Building Education Services, 2011; Winchip, 2011). For the purpose of this study, LEED New Construction (NC) version 2.2 will validate the objective quality of the sustainable buildings as the LEED Auburn University building inventory indicates two completed certified building projects demonstrated in table 1.
The environmental, sustainability, or “green” movement has been around since the mid-20th century. However, due to various cultural, political, social, and technological factors, the trend towards going “green,” or becoming environmentally friendly, has almost become a norm in most industries, whether it is automobile manufacturing or home building. Global warming has been a growing concern all over the world, and green building has been one way to cease and, in some cases, combat some of the damage that has already been done to the environment. Green construction has been a rapidly growing industry, especially considering that the real estate market is currently in an early recovery stage, post-recession. Inc. recently ranked it as one of the top industries of 2014. Additionally, the US Green Building Council stated that “total revenue across the industry should grow to $245 billion by 2016” (Lapowsky).
There are also several long term benefits of recycling. For example, “collecting and processing secondary materials, manufacturing recy...