2 Literature Review
2.1 Surfactant
Surfactant are compound as known as surface active agent which is the compound that usually lower surface tension. Surfactant are usually the organic compound which is amphiphilic. The amphiphilic is described that the surfactant have hydrophobic and hydrophilic group (Peter, 2002). The hydrophobic group which is refer the tail part of the surfactant and the hydrophilic group is refer to the head part of the surfactant . Besides that, the characteristic of hydrophobic group is insoluble in water meanwhile, the hydrophilic group is soluble in water. In addition, in figure 2.1 shows the schematic diagram of the surfactant. For the circle represents the hydrophilic head of the surfactant usually draw as circle
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In addition, their physicochemical properties are not affected by electrolytes. Non-ionic are applied in a many types of applications and their function is strongly dependent on the chemical composition. The choice of non-ionic for a specific application is primarily determined by the hydrophilic or lipophilic balance (HLB). The HLB value dictates properties such as emulsification power, detergency, solubilisation , foaming and others (Bergh, 1999).
Non-ionic surfactants is uses widely in industrial production about 45%. This due to its properties that non-ionic surfactant do not ionize in aqueous solution. This because their hydrophilic group is of a nondissociable type, for example alcohol, ether, ester, phenol, or amide. A large proportion of these non-ionic surfactants are made hydrophilic by the presence of a polyethylene glycol chain, obtained by the polycondensation of ethylene oxide and called as polyethoxylated non-ionic (Bruce, 1991). In addition, glucoside head groups, have been introduced in the market because of their low toxicity. The polycondensation of propylene oxide produce a polyether which is slightly hydrophobic. This polyether chain is used as the lipophilic
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The addition of ethylene oxide of hydrophobic organic compounds that consist of active hydrogen basic catalyst such as KOH, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, BF3 and SnCI4 (Ahmed, 2010). He used alkyl such as octyl, decyl and dodecyl, C8, C10 and C12 respectively and benzene sulphonyl chloride as the starting materials for his synthesis of non-ionic surfactant. In addition, ethoxyation is the common process that usually used by industry to produce large number of non ionic products. Alkyl which is from group that has carbon C8, C10 and C12 or benzene sulphonyl chloride was reacted with ethanolamine to produces a mixture of oligo(poly)ethylene glycol ethers. Then, the ethylene oxide were reacted with oligo(poly)ethylene glycol ethers in the presence of different catalysts such as base KOH, Lewis acid SnCl4 and K10 clay to produce different moles of non-ionic surfactants. In addition, the properties of non-ionic surfactants depends on the ethylene oxide added which is the average degree of ethoxylation, types of catalyst used and the types of starting material. He also investigated the biological activities, biodegradability and surface activity of the synthesized compounds. From his investigation, he concluded that all the synthesized compounds have excellent surface and biological activities as well as good biodegradability
First, A (3.348 g, 0.031 mol) and triethylamine (6.060 g, 0.060 mol) were added to a glass flask. Then, B (5.850 g, 0.030 mol) was added dropwise to the resulting reaction mixture over a period of 2 h, and the temperature was maintained at 5 °C. The reaction mixtures were carefully maintained at 80 °C for another 5 h. Finally, the reaction mixture was washed with diethyl ether, separated by reduced pressure suction filtration, and dried in a vacuum oven at 100 °C for 12 h to afford a white solid powder, namely, poly-N-aniline-phenyl phosphamide (PDPPD) in 93%
However, low HLB surfactants may also be an important component of oral lipid-based formulation by behaving as a coupling agent for the high HLB surfactants and the lipophilic solvent components, as well as contributing to solubilization by remaining associated with the lipophilic solvent post-dispersion. Moreover, using a blend of high and low HLB surfactants may also lead to more rapid dispersion and finer emulsion droplet size upon addition to an aqueous phase [36, 48, 49, 51–55]. Thus, in this study, we decided to mix Tween 80 (high HLB value) with Carbitol (low HLB value) to identify the most effective combination emulsifying with three chosen oils. The size of the emulsion droplets decreased as the HLB value of surfactant mixture reached the required HLB (Table 2). In the case of soybean oil, the smallest size was 277 ± 2.49 nm obtained at 20:80 (v/v) ratio of Tween 80:Carbitol). In the cases of ethyl oleate (Tween 80:Carbitol, 90:10, v/v) and IPM (Tween 80:Carbitol, 60:40), the smallest droplet sizes were 2.9 ± 0.170 and 10.5 ± 0.596 nm, respectively. These results show that the combination of Tween 80 and Carbitol had extremely good emulsifying ability, resulting in a fine emulsion in the cases of using ethyl oleate and IPM oil. The results of the visual test (Fig. 1) are parallel to the results of droplet size measurements. The combinations that had a smaller droplet size of 100
The cationic surfactant molecules obtained from Mannich bases possess excellent fungicidal property along with good biocidal property against Gram-positive
First, hand sanitizer is made up of key ingredients. There is an active ingredient, which is the ingredient that kills the germs. This is usually alcohol, but can be many other things like ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol or a combination of both. “Benzalkonium chloride is another FDA-approved active ingredient in some hand sanitizers. Although it is not an alcohol, benzalkonium chloride also works to kill bacteria and some viruses on the hands” (Jackie). Also, there are humectants added. Humectants are added to hand sanitizer to moisturize the skin. Glycerin and propylene glycol are humectants. They are commonly used in hand sanitizer. From the humicants holding water, they help prevent your skin from drying with frequent use of hand sanitizer because the active ingredients can dry out your skin. There are more ways of hand sanitizer moisturizing your skin. For example, “Isopropyl myristate is an emollient, which is a chemical that seals the skin surface and makes it smoother. It is made from a substance naturally found in nutmeg, coconut oil and some animal fats. Many hand contain isopropyl myristate and moisturizers, such as aloe vera and tocopherol acetate, or synthetic vitamin E” (Jackie). Carbomer and amniomethyl propanol are common ingredients used as binding agents. Emulsifiers keep other ingredients f...
An acid-base extraction improves on the simple two-solvent extraction scheme by using acid-base reactions to change acetic acid into another compound with different solubility behavior. Hence, we convert acetic acid into, sodium acetate, and obtain a compound that is soluble in water, but not in diethyl ether.
surfactants. They are made up of two amphiphilic moieties connected at the level of the head
A variety of extraction methods were employed in order to separate a strong acid, a weak acid, a strong base and neutral compound from solution. This is possible due to the presence of different functional groups in the organic mixture, which each provide distinct chemical properties. These individual properties are what allow the extraction of each compound. How these properties pertain to solubility is key to the separation of these compounds.
Then the OH- and H+ molecules combine to form H2O water molecules and a sodium benzoate compound. Sodium benzoate then becomes insoluble in diethyl ether and soluble water. However, naphthalene does not react with the NaOH because it is not soluble in NaOH. Naphthalene and sodium benzoate differ in solubility and can therefore be separated into an aqueous layer and an organic layer. The diethyl ether is nonpolar and naphthalene has a low polarity so they are soluble together. The sodium benzoate is soluble in water. Diethyl ether is less dense than water so it stays on the top organic layer with naphthalene and sodium benzoate and water separate to the bottom aqueous layer of the separatory
Commercial demulsifiers are formulated in solvents such as short-chain alcohols, aromatics, or heavy aromatic naphtha and can contain a mixture of several active matters. There have three main methods to demulsify the emulsion namely mechanical, electrical and chemical. However, chemical method is most widely used. Basically, chemical demulsification consist of the addition of small amount of breaking agent (usually 1-1000ppm) to enhance the phase separation. Thus, there have four groups of breaking agents which were consisted with amine, natural, polyhydric and alcohol demulsifiers
In terms of polarity we discovered that magnesium oxide ,calcium carbonate and “ unknown 2” are polar enough to dissolve in water and not dissolve in hexane. Salicylic acid ,benzoic acid and “unknown 1” have similar polarities as both did not dissolve in water and hexane. As for pH, the salicylic and benzoic acid crystals were extremely acidic. Magnesium oxide was slightly acidic while calcium carbonate was slightly basic. In terms of the unknowns, both were neutral.
Ionic liquids has opened up new types of studies because at one point in time ionic liquids were at the bottom of the bucket for research, but now it has an unlimited amount of theoretical studies. In theoretical thoughts, many ionic liquid creations are possible. There are almost a limitless number of ionic liquids systems, which in theory, is by mixing two or more simple ionic liquids. When comparing organic solvents, ionic liquids have insignificant vapor pressures, which basically means they do not evaporate under normal circumstances. Unlike most organic mole...
1-Butanol with intermediate polarity was soluble in both highly polar water and non polar hexane as 1-butanol can be either polar or non polar compound. 1-Butanol was polar based on the general rule of thumb stated that each polar group will allow up to 4 carbons to be soluble in water. Also, 1-butanol can be non polar due to their carbon chains, which are attracted to the non polarity of the hexane.
Water alone can’t remove dirt. Soap allows oil and to mix so the dirt can be effectively removed. Surfactants lower the tension in water and help break down the oil and grease. Detergents have hydrophobic chemical chains which are repelled by water, whereas hydrophilic chains are attracted to water. In general, hydrophobic and hydrophilic chains work together to attack oil and water and break them down faster and easier.
Stearic acid is an organic compound that are amphiphilic in nature, i.e., they contain both hydrophobic (water insoluble) and hydrophilic (water soluble) group.
This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon end is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the property which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles surround droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away.