The autism spectrum is a developmental disability caused by differences in the brain. Children with autism show some social, language and communication problems. They exhibit various challenging behaviors such as having trouble switching from one activity to another, ignoring or refusing requests, engaging in self-stimulatory behaviors such as hand flicking, flapping and rocking, lack of interest in other people and difficulty in making friends (Cohen, & Volkmar, 1997). However, despite being faced with these various challenging behaviors, students with autistic spectrum exhibit some behaviors that are considered their strengths such as visual thinking, perfectionism in some areas, being organized and a strong sense of order and routine.
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Their limited use and understanding of non-verbal communication, for instance, gestures and facial expressions among the children with autism make the interaction difficult between them and their adults and peers as they cannot understand what people mean when they use them. They have difficulties forming and sustaining friendships because they love sticking to some routines in life and find it difficult to switch from one activity to another (McConnell, 2002). For an average kid, they get easily bored doing the same thing, and this affects the interaction between children with autism and healthy children. They exhibit a lack of interests in seeking and sharing enjoyment with other people. They tend to be more attracted to some objects than to people, and this also affects their interaction with others due to their lack of interest. Additionally, children on the autistic spectrum have difficulties with emotional and social responsiveness. This also affects their interaction as they cannot respond to social and emotional acts within their environment. Another way in which their behavior affects their interaction is due to their short attention plan (Cohen, & Volkmar, 1997). They tend to be attentive for a very short time and then engage in their activities, and they cannot concentrate on their peers and adults. Furthermore, children with autism are hyperactive; this significantly affects their interaction with their peers as they are always active which makes their peers get tired easily. They also cause self-injury to themselves which makes their peers afraid of them as they feel they can harm them any time which also affects their
For the purpose of these literature review a search was done using PubMed which is available through the Medical Library of the National Guard Health Services. This research focus is Autism and its management. Using these four key words "Autism" "definition" , "symptoms", and "treatment". As result, nine papers were found and this literature review summarizes them.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a general term for a group of complex disorders of brain development. They can be categorized, in many ways, by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors. ASD can be associated with intellectual disability, difficulties in motor coordination and attention and physical health issues such as sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances. Some people with ASD thrive in music, math, visual skills and art. The acute signs of autism and symptoms of autism tend to appear between the ages of 2 to 3 years old. (Autism Speaks)
Autism is a developmental disorder that appears within the first three years of a child’s life. It affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. Autism affects 1 out of 68 children. It is also the fastest growing disability in the United States. There are multiple types of Autism, some children are considered high functioning, and some are low functioning. “High functioning” is when a child with autism can function in life, and completes jobs, and chores with little to no help. “Low functioning” is when a child with autism cannot complete simple daily tasks without help, and (or) constant supervision.
Autism is a form of neurodevelopment disorder in the autism spectrum disorders. It is characterized by impaired development in social interactions and communication, both verbal and non-verbal. There is an observed lack of spontaneous acts of communication; both receptive and expressed, as well as speech impairments. A person diagnosed with Autism will also show a limited range of activities and interests, as well as forming and maintain peer relationships. The individuals will display limited interests, which are often very focused and repetitive. He or she is likely to be very routine oriented and may show behavioral symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and self-injurious behaviors.
Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by difficulties in behavior, social interaction, and communication issues. People with Autism Spectrum Disorder may have difficulty responding to their environment. Behavior problems may occur as a result of sensitivity to sound or something they may have seen. People with Autism Spectrum Disorder may also have difficulty establishing and maintaining relationships. They may not be able to share their interests with other people because they are not able to express or understand their needs or their needs of others. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder may withdraw into repetitive play and behavior, avoid interaction because of delay in speech, and struggle to make sense of nonverbal forms of communication. There are people with Autism Spectrum Disorder that speak fluency and there are people with speech impairment to a certain degree. However, there are some who can’t speak at all. Impaired communication is characterized by delayed language development. The different forms of spectrum disorders have many of the same symptoms but are different in severity, so it can be difficult to distinguish one disorder from the other if in the early stage. Classic autism is the most severe form of Autism Spectrum
Calculators are fast, but Daniel Tammet is faster. Daniel is an autistic savant that can do a math problem in a blink of an eye who suffers from four disabilities.
Lynch, S., & Irvine , A. (2009). Inclusive education and best practice for children with
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that effects the brains development. It is characterized by affecting communication, cognition and social interaction. The spectrum of the disorders ranges from a mild condition called Asperger’s syndrome to a more severe form, which severely impairer’s development. The Office of Communications and Public Liaison states that the disorder affects one and eighty-eight children, however ASD effects boys more frequently than girls (Office of Communications and Public Liaison, 2013). ASD emerges in all age, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. The significant varied character and severity of the disorder is why ASD is considered a spectrum that poses a broad range of symptoms.
Autistic Spectrum Disorder is one of the most commonly diagnosed childhood disorders (Autism Society Canada. 2010). It can be characterised by communication challenges, social development impairment , ritualistic behaviours and resistance to change (Tougher. 2012). There can also be intellectual skills as well as unusual responses to sensory outputs (Tonge. 2002). As of yet the cause is not yet determined but experts believe it may be a result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors (Weber & Newmark . 2007). The school system in Australia requires a professional medical diagnosis for the required funding and support to be given to students with ASD (Skellern, Schluter & McDowell. 2005).
Autism spectrum disorder has become the most common neurological and developmental disorder diagnosed in children today. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) estimate that 1 out of every 88 American children have been properly diagnosed. There is no known cure for autism, and the inconsistencies of the symptoms of autism in each case make it difficult to target a particular set of effective treatments. However some behavior management therapies, specifically physical therapy, may help to significantly control the unwanted symptoms in young children with autism spectrum disorder.
Introduction According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-5] (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), anyone diagnosed with “autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, or the catch-all diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified” (p. 1) meets the criteria of having an Autism Spectrum Disorder [ASD]. Individuals with ASD commonly possess communication deficits and have difficulty in building relationships with peers. Communication deficits include interruptions or inappropriate responses during conversations and misinterpreting nonverbal interactions. These individuals may also develop an overdependence on routines, high sensitivity to environmental change,
He wakes up at 7 am every morning, asks for his bottle filled with pediasure, and does not get up unless he has his I-pad in his hand. He goes to the bathroom, is aided while brushing his teeth, and later is dressed for the day. Throughout the day he only eats crackers and peanut butter, certain fruit, and a soup with a banana for dinner. He uses his iPad all day to only watch Thomas the train video and enjoys watching “Pocoyo” on TV, only. He loves playing with his train tracks, playing his piano, designing with clay and building perfect towers with blocks. When he’s upset he slaps his arms and sometimes hits people. He has a small vocabulary. Nonetheless he’s loving, sweet, funny and smart. These symptoms are symptoms shared by children with
1. Children who are autistic have difficulty engaging in day to day interactions. When they are older, they have difficulty sharing and playing games with other children. They also prefer to play alone. (“Symptoms”, 2014)
The Autism Spectrum Disorder is a combination of multiple and complex sets of symptoms that show differently. Those with Autism Spectrum Disorder are also typically treated differently from person to person. Symptoms can range from mild to severe depending on the case. It is clear to see that Autism Spectrum Disorder is quite common because one in every sixty-eight children in North Dakota alone have it. Whether it be a child or an adult, those with autism have a very hard time communicating and maintaining relationships with others people. For children with Autism, their brains will always process information differently than children’ brains who are without the Autism Spectrum Disorder. According to reports made by the American Psychological Association, the Autism Spectrum Disorder is the utmost severe developmental disability for an individual to carry.
For many of us while growing up school was a place to grow, to play, and to learn with those around us. When we were younger we spent time playing with all the different toys and spending time with our friends. As we grew older, we spent even more time expanding our social skills and finding ways to learn about ourselves through others. However, for the nearly one in every one hundred and fifty children (Mazurik-Charles, 2010) this is more easily said than done. Children with autism have difficulty reading social cues, initiating, sustaining, or terminating a conversation appropriately with peers (Boutot, 2007). Children with autism lack proper communication skills and other alternative devices and also may have limited activities or other interests that they enjoy doing. Often times a child with Autism will become extremely upset when a change of routine takes place that he or she does not initiate. For instance, if a person was to try to take away a child with autism’s toy they are engaging in, then the child will more than likely become hysterical and often times violent towards said person. According to Boutot (2010), interacting with same-aged, typical peers, children with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) has been shown to improve their behaviors, communication and social skills, and play behaviors (p. 156). Many of these interactions will begin at a young age in a grade school classroom, or at home with their own parents.