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Sociological perspective in analyzing sports
Sociological perspective in analyzing sports
Sociological perspective in analyzing sports
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1. Nonexperimenal Design as there is no active or direct intervention. Research is simply looking at the validity of a test to identify problem swimmers. 2. Nonexperimental Design as this is a comparative design with no intervention. According to McMillian and Schumacher (2010), comparative design is when researchers “investigates whether there are differences between two or more groups on the phenomena being studied” (p. 22). Comparative design are often used as author Basham (1986) explains because “comparative designs generally have fewer threats to validity and provide a more efficient means of control for nonspecific treatment factors” (p.1). 3. Qualitative in this example as it could be considered ethnography as the research is looking
•Controlled variable- amount of time exercising and resting, number of trials, type of exercise, same type of clothespin , intensity of the exercise, and the age of test subjects
ln the study the research design being shown is the longitudinal design with the method of descriptive observation. Since they are observing the same group of people over a period of time.
The recommended design for this type of study is a non-equivalent control group post-test only design.
Nonexperimental Research (McMillan, 2012, p.13): Nonexperimental research is a quantitative research design in which the researcher has no control over any of the variables or factors within a study, and thus cannot influence the behavior of the subjects of the study.
The pretest-posttest design, crossover design, placebo, quasi-experiments (lack randomization but involve intervention and is usually found to be more acceptable to a broader group of people who are not always willing to be randomized in clinical trials). The RCT study known as the “gold standard” (for interventional studies, controlled and randomized for comparing a controlled and interventional group variable) and The Cohort (prospective) design research (analysis or the observational design with cohort, it starts with a recognized cause and then goes forward to the recognized effect). The clarification of the outcomes of the statistical analysis in quantitative research, understanding the research practice and the identification of the basis of evidence-based practice contained by the sections of research and critiques of that research. By graining an understanding of these steps and knowing how to rethink research and revise my views of the research will aid in success of my practicing these tactics (Polit, & Beck,
For the purpose of this descriptive study, a pre-experimental design was utilized. A limitation of the pre-experimental design is that it fails to include a control group. A single group was studied but no comparison between an equivalent non-treatment group was made.
Research can be quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research is objective and involves measuring the phenomena under investigation. Qualitative research is subjective, explores experiences and feelings, and involves the recording of phenomena that cannot easily be quantified (Toates, 2010, pp. 5-6). Both are empirical since they involve data collection (OU, n.d.).
The study is usually described as an experiment with the independent variable being, the condition the participants are ...
The quantitative design that would best fit my topic regarding restraint use is the descriptive method. “A descriptive design may be used to develop theories, identify problems with current practice, make judgments about practice, or identify trends of illnesses, illness prevention, and health promotion in selected groups” (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015). Restraint use should be used as a last resort because it can cause several adverse outcomes for patients. Not only does it hurt patients physically it can also hurt them psychologically. Restraint use should be used when all other options fail. My focus is on preventing restraint use if possible therefore descriptive design is best fit.
There are two types of designs that fit with this experiment for the article "Knowing is Half the Battle." One of the type of design is the experimental design. A experimental design is a design that shows how one thing can affect another. For example, the dependent variable will have an effect on the independent variable. This also uses random selection for an experimental design. I choose this particular design because in the article it says that the participants were randomly design instead of choosing who was they want instead. This design is trying to prove why or how the stereotype threat of women has on low performance test scores. Second type of design I thought might fit with this article is the correlational design. This design defines as seeing how to
Design variables are important to be conducted the appropriate experiment analyzing and getting the accurate values for integer, discrete, zero-one (binary), and continuous variables. The researchers should classify design factors before the experiment is conducted. In literature, there are several factors such as quantitative, qualitative, discrete, continuous, zero-one (binary), non-zero-one (non-binary), controlled and uncontrolled variables (Sanchez & Wan, 2009).
This paper will exam aspects of correlational design. According to Fabiano-Smith (2011), correlational designs are non-experimental research designs that focus on observing variables as they naturally exist. Since this design type is non-experimental, one of its major disadvantages is the focus on the relationship of the variables and not is cause and effect between the variables. Despite this weakness, correlational design does have several strengths. It observes the variables as they occur in a natural setting without manipulation. Researchers often use the initial establishment of correlational relationships between variables to identify what variables should be further studied for cause and effect utilizing experimental designs.
The research design is the phase targeted at designing the study in a manner where by important data can be collected and analyzed to reach a result. (Sekaran, 2003)
Stejskal, S.M. (2010) Quatiative and Qualitative Research Methods are not and should not be Mutually Exclusive, Grinn Verlag.
Qualitative research is using methods such as participant observation or case studies which result in a narrative descriptive account of setting or practice. (Parkinson & Drisland as cited in Qualitative Research – Defining and Designing)