Summary Of Damned Lies And Statistics
analytical Essay
1476 words
What are Damned Lies and Statistics? Joel Best’s Damned Lies and Statistics is a book all about recognizing statistics that are legitimate and others that are really quite horrible. The goal of this book is not that the average every day person be able to read a statistical table from a scholarly journal, but rather that anyone could personally value a statistic he or she may come across in a newspaper article or on a news program. Best was essentially effective in achieving his goal; however, he was effective to the point of overdoing his job of showing that there are bad statistics which give readers cause to evaluate them outside of hearing them on the news. Best begins his book by discussing the importance of social statistics. He notes …show more content…
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the book crammed examples into a short number of pages. samples are discussed in detail, and representativeness is important, not just size.
- Analyzes how best framed things differently, such as "causes of bad statistics" or "mutant statistics," but it all came back to human selfishness and wanting to present numbers advantageous to a person's opinions.
- Explains that joel best's damned lies and statistics is a book about recognizing statistics that are legitimate and others that is really quite horrible.
- Opines that best could have written a journal article, newspaper article or paper if he had stuck to his original intent, which was to convince readers to be aware of bad statistics.
- Concludes that this book can be valued by people majoring in political science. it provides a look at exactly what biases there are in the field we are hoping to enter.
Comparisons over time may be inaccurate due to changing measures, unchanging measures, or projections. Comparisons among places can go wrong not only in different countries, but in rural and urban areas as well. Making comparisons among groups can also be comparing apples and oranges, as people with different socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or religion cannot be compared as simply as desired. Even social problems cannot be compared to each other, because no two are the same and sometimes aren’t even similar. “Stat Wars” is the title of Chapter 5, and it describes the process of conflicts over such social statistics. There are debates over particular numbers, data collection, and statistics and hot-button issues. Knowing the causes of bad statistics outlined in Chapter Two will help readers in such stat wars. The final chapter of this book encourages people to be critical when taking in statistics. Someone taking a critical approach to statistics tries assessing statistics by asking questions and researching the origins of a statistic when that information is not provided. The book ends by encouraging readers to know the limitations of statistics and understand how statistics are …show more content…
For social sciences majors, reading this book can provide a look at exactly what biases there are in the field we are hoping to enter, and what mistakes are commonly made. It provides a long list of examples of ways in which numbers can be messed up, and is a good warning to those of us wanting to be social scientists. I was able to take from it the knowledge of how to be critical of statistics that I see and I think that it has complimented what I have learned in some of my Political Science classes, including this one. Even though I am not exactly the audience member Best was trying to reach, he was at least successful in showing me what I have learned by just being a part of the social sciences, that sources of statistics and facts are biased and that it takes effort to be an informed member of this society. This is a useful thing to know, and hopefully around all of the examples and repetition, readers of all types can come to this
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that statistics includes the development of procedures and tests that are used to describe the variability characteristic in data, the odds of certain outcomes, and the fault and doubt related with those outcomes.
- Opines that statistics gives a degree of proof that something is accurate, as opposed to measuring the probability of observing an outcome. it is easy to mistreat statistics analysis even to the point of error.
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- Analyzes jean twenge's article "has the smartphone destroyed a generation?" in her book "igen."
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774 wordsRead More - As a way to communicate additional information to the audience, Barbara Ehrenreich provided statistical data in the footnotes of certain pages. Although these statistics are not
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- Explains peter overby's investigation into campaign finance institute reports that presidential candidates have raised 35% less funding than those of the 2008 election. he suggests that the cause of this drop may be related to more or less invisible factors.
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457 wordsRead More - Analysis Of Freakonomics By Steven D. Dubneranalytical essayEven if a researcher has mountains of data, unless he carefully scrutinizes and questions all information, digging up potential lurking variables and possible bias, he can be confounded. If a reader can glean any lesson from Freakonomics, it is this—always look at every piece of evidence as closely as possible. Stare at it until eyes begin to bleed. Yank up confounders by their roots. Take the time necessary to make sure conclusions are draw correctly. Levitt spent hours researching his questions. Sometimes he failed, as with the abortions. Sometimes he triumphed, as with the
In this essay, the author
- Explains that steven d. levitt, co-author of freakonomics with stephen j. dubner, jumps from assumption to decision, connecting dots in sometimes genius, sometimes haphazard, ways, and forming conclusions that sometimes defy conventional thought.
- Analyzes how levitt believes everyone's incentives are greedy and selfish. he is an expert and should be held under intense scrutiny.
- Explains that levitt devotes an entire chapter of his book to the sound and socio-economic implications of names.
- Explains that levitt had thousands upon thousands of birth-certificates at his disposal, and in order to make an educated inference on the population, one must possess a decent sample.
- Analyzes levitt's research on abortion, assuming that legalized abortion in the 1970s led to the massive drop in crime.
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1072 wordsRead More - The August 1999 article in the American Psychologist discusses proper statistical methods and how they should be utilized in journal articles. Using some of the guidelines put forth in the article, I will attempt to show the extent to which Bach & Bach (1995) follow these principles.
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- Explains that the purpose of the study is to evaluate the differences in alexithymia scores between different patients over a two-year period and determine if those scores predict outcome independent from other disorders.
- Opines that the study is concerned with people who have a somatoform disorder or anxiety.
- States that the sample is clearly outlined in the article. s state the age ranges, sex, and education of all the patients.
- Explains that nonrandom assignment was used for the purposes of this study. the procedure called for participants to all receive the same treatment throughout the study and a control group was not used.
- Explains that the study uses a simple approach to tackle this task. each patient was grouped by whether or not they exhibited diagnostic disorders at the time of the testing.
- Explains that questionnaires are the only procedural devices used in the study. s describe the psychometric tests used.
- Reviews apa's statistical guidelines on the predictive value of alexithymia as a predictor of persistent somatization.
- Explains that the data was presented in an easy-to-read table that outlined the alexithymia scores for the patients with each of the five diagnoses at outset and after two years.
- Opines that although the article does not cover all the topics outlined in the apa article, it does have statistical merit.
898 wordsRead More - The Lonely American, by Jacqueline Olds and Richard Schwartzanalytical essayIn Schors book she states that the statistics presented are her estimates and calculations. Oddly in The Lonely American they are said to be “government statistics” rather than a compilation of government statistics and personal research. The fact that Olds and Schwartz do this causes their own research to be discredited. When the authors present the information in the following way:
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how jacqueline olds and richard schwartz used many sources to reinforce the main points of the lonely american. they paraphrased statistics from the overworked american by juliet schor.
- Analyzes how olds and schwartz's "government statistics" in the lonely american are said to be a compilation of government statistics and personal research.
- Analyzes juliet schor's book, the overworked american, which sparked a vigorous and ongoing debate.
- Analyzes how schor's book misrepresents where the information is coming from. she admits that the statistics are her estimates and not those from the government.
- Analyzes how olds and schwartz could have used more of schor's research to validate their own points.
- Analyzes how olds and schwartz leave out details, and go as far as misrepresenting data, that clearly shows misuse of the source.
545 wordsRead More - Statistics is defined as “the science that deals with the collection, classification, analysis, and numerical facts or data” (Dictionary.com,2012). Sometimes it is important to analyze statistical data in order to understand how something works or doesn’t work. In the case of American public education, there is tons of statistical data being thrown around, but what do all of these numbers really mean? How does this data help us? Although statistics provide clarity for constant scrutiny to the public education school system, they also help us to understand what were doing wrong in the classroom. In comparison of two different states, Nevada and Wisconsin lay at two very different ends of the educational spectrum. To properly understand how Wisconsin is far more successful in terms of academic achievement than Nevada, it will be helpful to compare and analyze what contributing factors effect both states in terms of their educational reputations.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that wisconsin is among the nation's best performing states as long as test scores and graduation rates are considered.
- Explains that nevada and wisconsin have their own policies and standards when it comes to hiring teachers.
- Compares the graduation rates of students in nevada and wisconsin, and explains that there is a connection between graduation rate and academic performance.
- Explains that nevada had the second highest violent crime rate for the years 2008 and 2009, while wisconsin had 11th lowest crime rates.
- Opines that the u.s. does a great job of finding statistical data on why the country is failing overall, but when it boils down to fixing problems, the nation doesn't do much.
- Explains that statistics provide clarity for constant scrutiny to the public education system, but they also help us understand what were doing wrong in the classroom.
1622 wordsRead More - The Anatomy of Abuseopinion essay* For a great cautionary tale of statistics and their manipulation go to this page on the Web: http://www.ifeminists.net/introduction/editorials/2004/0324.html
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the anatomy of abuse paper will help us understand the nature of domestic abuse and those who perpetrate or encourage it.
- Explains that abusers are actors in disguise, and their primary skill is to emulate normal behaviour in order to disguise their own condition.
- Explains that the abusive personality has learned how to give every appearance of normality and stability for often quite extended periods of time. this act is easy to maintain in certain social situations where the abuser has minimal contact with others in an average day.
- Analyzes how the emotional strain placed on the pretender, by their need to hide their true selves, becomes too difficult to maintain in a long-term relationship.
- Opines that treatment should be applied to the abuser while they still own feelings of remorse and regret.
- Opines that abusers project their self hatred onto their victims to avoid owning up to what they feel about themselves.
- Explains that many abusers report that they have grown up in abusive homes or have experienced abuse later on in their lives.
- Explains that a child growing up in an abusive home considers it to be normal, but the deep fears and anger raised in them by their abusers have little or no avenue of expression within the home.
- Opines that adults have a tendency to recreate what they considered normal in their early life at home, within their own adult relationships.
- Opines that some abusers are psychopaths who enjoy the feelings of power they have over their victims and may go on to kill them if early intervention is not forthcoming. abusers are deeply selfish individuals who live in a "me me" world where only their own feelings, needs and desires are important.
- Explains that some abusers will abuse others by proxy and this seems to be a predominantly female trait. they have received calls to their help line from men who have been beaten up by other men.
- Opines that abuse by proxy is to withhold contact unreasonably from a parent with his/her child.
- Opines that the subconscious element of revenge may be reinforced by articles in women's magazines that portray men as nothing but bad, soap opera stories, dramas, movies, and press stories about female abuse victims.
- Explains that misandrists are haters of men, and there are many more than is popularly believed.
- Explains that a male abuser who resents being typecast by "evil women" and sets out to justify his violent behaviour by seeing himself as an angel is misogynistic.
- Explains that 90% of males in prison come from broken homes, yet societies in the western world actively promote single motherhood as a virtue while discouraging marriage.
- Explains that radical feminists paint any and all criticism of females as hatred of them and pressure people (chiefly men) into believing a counter argument as mysoginistic in origin.
- Explains that the victim and the abuser have a complicated relationship that is difficult, at times, to define in simple terms.
- Explains that not every act of irritable behaviour or sudden aggression means a person is automatically an abuser. the key indicator is the frequency with which the behaviour occurs.
- Explains that the need to control others stems from two strong desires within the abusive personality.
- Analyzes how a close personal relationship is natural for both parties to closely examine each other's personalities and explore each others feelings. the abuser hides their true selves from themselves and society.
- Explains that the desire not to be inferior stems from a different set of unconscious dynamics. unmerciful and constant teasing and/or bullying can force the bright child to conform to the wishes of the rest.
- Explains that a machine gun fires accusations and insults without giving the victim time to answer any of the points made.
- Explains the reasons why the abuser doesn't want to give the victim time to answer are twofold.
- Opines that the extent of control over the victim can be very far reaching indeed. they have spoken to many male and female victims who's abusive partners have chosen what food they eat and when.
- Opines that abusers will often run up huge debts for their partner and slander their name in the local community.
- Explains that all of this behaviour is about control and dominance over the victim. it is unlimited in its creative evil and the two lists above are by no means extensive.
- Opines that careful and informed questioning by police officers at domestic abuse incidents may quickly illicit who is the real abuser.
- Explains that many abuse victims are kind, gentle, loyal, and deeply loving people. most abusers want easy targets that they can dominate.
- Explains that the co-dependancy idea was developed to explain other family members' reactions to living with an addict and the harmful effects of those reactions. the definition of codependency was expanded by people looking to make quick money by selling cheap books.
- Advises victims of abuse to avoid peddlers of doom like the modern codependency therapy system of mock psychology. being a caring person is not wrong, but excessive selfishness is symptomatic of the abuser.
- Opines that codependency is a nebulous idea, born not of science but of the gut feelings of counsellors and frustrated lay people.
- Analyzes how the codependency idea pathologizes the natural tendency to care for others and mandates action which is not necessarily in line with pro social values.
- Analyzes how the woman had enough conviction and confidence in her values to blow off the advice. many people don't have this much tenacity to their standards.
- Analyzes the pervasive and disturbing view that relies more on "feelings" than serious research and it is to the medical and political establishments shame that these views have found any credence in today's society because they have silenced such popularist, false and dangerous ideas.
- Advises victims of abuse to learn about assertiveness and ways in which they can better manage the situation they find themselves in.
- Opines that the ease of transition from victim to survivor depends entirely upon yourself, the quality of the help you receive, and the extent to which you were abused.
- Explains that domestic abuse industry is saturated in gender bias as any examination of the literature it produces will show any reasonable person.
- Argues that the domestic abuse industry is run almost entirely by women, who are victims of abuse or have worked closely with them.
- Opines that western political thinkers have taken up these prejudices and that police forces, medical establishment, and media have adopted these bigoted and dangerous attitudes towards male victims and female perpetrators.
- Opines that the "woman as victim and men as perpetrator" mind set is deeply offensive to all the male victims out there and dangerous for society as a whole.
- Opines that the abuse industry perpetuates these myths of man=bad, woman=good, but there are other roots in society that need to be cut out once and for all.
- Illustrates the extreme prejudice aimed at men throughout society by referring to a t shirt on sale here in britain. the cartoon of the young boy is set beneath the words, boys are stupid....throw rocks at them.
- Opines that if men began writing about women in the same terms, the outrage and protest would be massive.
- Analyzes how many men buy into the ku klux klan and become advocates of it. it astounds them that some men have lived up to the "men are stupid" stereotype many radical feminists have portrayed them as for 40 years.
- Opines that women who know what other members of their sex get up to in terms of violence and the emotional abuse of others are probably the most guilty of all people in society.
- Argues that politicians, policemen, general practitioners, journalists, and lawyers are guilty of astounding double standards and extreme prejudice when it comes to even looking at the evidence for the existence of male victims.
- Opines that the mind soaked in prejudice is a swamp of contradictions and blind brutal dishonesty.
- Explains how all of this affects the male abuse victim. from the households family doctor who refuses to "get involved" when the man says he is being abused by his wife, to the nurse at the hospital who willingly probe the cause of suspicious injuries on a female patient.
- Explains that women's groups receive over 30 million pounds per year from government and police sources, while heterosexual male support groups get nothing. the british government publicly acknowledges that most men do not report domestic abuse.
- Explains that men and boys are subjected to massive amounts of prejudice in everything from education provision to medical cancer research.
6136 wordsRead More - Arguments for Gun Controlopinion essayStatistics are commonly used to support peoples’ position in the argument over gun ownership. I intend to do no less. Consider this statistic; in 2008 roughly 10,886 murders were committed with a firearm. This is a valid number on which we must reflect. Imagine if the 10,000+ victims had guns of their own. That statistic could have shockingly stayed the same, just with different victims: the criminals.
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- Describes how mary read, an aspiring elementary school teacher, baked cookies, cakes, and cupcakes for her friends and family. she was the oldest of five children, yet she treated everyone she met as a sister or brother.
- Opines that gun control in the united states is an absolute must. the lack of controls has led to irresponsible and evil actions.
- Opines that statistics are commonly used to support peoples' position in the argument over gun ownership.
- Explains that the bureau of justice statistics (bjs) surveyed prison inmates on where they obtained the guns they used in their crimes.
- Opines that if we eliminate the 14% of guns obtained from legal dealers, we will eradicate all violent crime involving firearms.
- Opines that statistics, as great as they are, only go so far when it comes to proving why guns need to be banned.
- Opines that the only means with which we have to kill someone is firearms, which is why people should not be allowed to own guns.
- Argues that people are more likely to be shot with their own gun than use it in self defense, and that the statistics do not include people who wanted to take their lives.
- Opines that a gun ban could stop rampant impulsive behavior in favor of verbal arguments.
- Opines that by banning guns everyone will be safer, especially those of us who are attacked on the streets, in schools, or in our homes.
- Cites reedy, j. (2007, april 18). the roanoke times.
1011 wordsRead More - Analysis Of Flawed Researchanalytical essayThe following article analysis review by Team B illustrates and identifies several examples of statistics abuse in the practical world as a result of flawed research. The following examples demonstrate how a manger could and in many examples, does make erroneous decisions due to inaccurate statistics. The team has compiled the results by detailing the respective articles.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the functional isolation of the professional corps. civil service and active-duty military professionals assigned to usdp/nesa and sp were noticeably uninvolved in key areas of interest to under secretary for policy douglas feith, deputy secretary paul wolfowitz, and rumsfeld.
- Analyzes the role of the project for a new american century, the center for security policy, and the american enterprise institute and their new positions in the bush administration.
- Analyzes a report conducted in australia which examined law enforcement statistics that are biased and unscientific to reveal points of view in drug debates.
- Explains that information is inaccurate due to the fact that time and resources spent by police for a particular time period will significantly alter statistics on drugs.
- Explains that the law enforcement information is mainly for cannabis and rarely includes information related to more serious drugs, such as heroin and cocaine.
- Concludes that flawed research data is being used in companies, government, and even schools. the data can cause bad business decisions, put people in harm, or even create a false sense of help.
- Cites kwiatkowski, k. (2003, august). pentagon decision-making: seriously flawed. the record.
- Analyzes and identifies several examples of statistics abuse in the practical world as a result of flawed research. karen kwiatkowski witnessed first hand how erroneous and inaccurate information inside the office of the secretary of defense affected the united states decision to go to war with iraq.
- Describes groupthink as the predominant characteristic of pentagon middle east policy development.
- Analyzes how stats online discusses statistics abuse in the practical world that results in flawed decision by managers.
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In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how numbers influence public opinion. stone explains that the power to measure is the ability to control. politicians can present data as much or as little as they see fit and then use selective data to sway public opinions.
- Analyzes how president nixon's "war on drugs" was a propaganda led effort to stir public opinion by utilizing fear in the media.
- Analyzes how harry anslinger was an avid supporter of prohibition in the united states. he created the "gore files" which depicted offenses caused by drug users.
- Analyzes how the "gore files" helped propel anti-marijuana policy, which built a path dependence and paved the way for the control substance act of 1970.
594 wordsRead More - Qualitative vs Quantitative Researchanalytical essayThe father of quantitative analysis, Rene Descartes, thought that in order to know and understand something, you have to measure it (Kover, 2008). Quantitative research has two main types of sampling used, probabilistic and purposive. Probabilistic sampling is when there is equal chance of anyone within the studied population to be included. Purposive sampling is used when some benchmarks are used to replace the discrepancy among errors. The primary collection of data is from tests or standardized questionnaires, structured interviews, and closed-ended observational protocols. The secondary means for data collection includes official documents. In this study, the data is analyzed to test one or more expressed hypotheses. Descriptive and inferential analyses are the two types of data analysis used and advance from descriptive to inferential. The next step in the process is data interpretation, and the goal is to give meaning to the results in regards to the hypothesis the theory was derived from. Data interpretation techniques used are generalization, theory-driven, and interpretation of theory (Gelo, Braakmann, Benetka, 2008). The discussion should bring together findings and put them into context of the framework, guiding the study (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). The discussion should include an interpretation of the results; descriptions of themes, trends, and relationships; meanings of the results, and the limitations of the study. In the conclusion, one wants to end the study by providing a synopsis and final comments. It should include a summary of findings, recommendations, and future research (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). Deductive reasoning is used in studies...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that quantitative research has two main types of sampling, probabilistic and purposive. descriptive and inferential analyses are used to test one or more expressed hypotheses.
- Explains that qualitative research provides a way to develop an understanding for the perspective of one living with complex happenings.
- Explains the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, including sampling, data collection, analysis, and data interpretation. quantitative research interprets data to test one or more hypotheses.
- Analyzes how the article, "the long-term lived experience of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators," utilizes qualitative research.
- Describes black, t. r., gay, l.
- Explains burnard, p. (2004). writing a qualitative research report. flanagan, j. m, carroll, d.l., and hamilton, g. a. (2010). the long-term lived experience of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators
864 wordsRead More