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Midterm Exam
HIST 304
History of Latin America
Session 15-54
DUE DATE / TIME:
Must be submitted to the drop box no later than 11:59pm CT on 4/17/16.
SAVE YOUR WORK FREQUENTLY!!
Name: Joe Kraushaar
SECTION I: Multiple Choice (40 points)
Select the BEST answer.
Then, DELETE the 3 INCORRECT answers (leaving only your final selection).
1. A chinampa was:
C. the Aztecs’ method of building raised farmland in Lake Texcoco using soil dredged from the lake
2. In contrast to the Inca Empire, the Aztec Empire is generally described by historians such as Keen, as: A. “integrated”
3. In early Inca society, the concept of “gender parallelism” meant that:
C. men and women worked parallel fields, distributing the agricultural
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The achievement of Brazilian independence was different from the movements in Spanish America because:
A. the transition was largely peaceful
SECTION II: Identification (80 points)
Identify any ten (10) of the following items.
Your identification should include two parts:
a. identify / define the item (who, what, when, or where)
b. explain the significance of the item (why).
Your answer should be of sufficient length to adequately address these criteria, meaning that your answer should be a brief paragraph for each item.
1. captaincy system – is an governing system which is used by Portugal in Brazil; gave large amount of responsibility to private individuals because of the country's lack of resources slightly modified as the Portuguese began to settle the uninhabited Atlantic islands of the Azores, Madeiras, and Cape Verdes in the fifteenth century.
2. Bourbon Reforms – was the return of peace permitted by the new dynasty to turn its attention to implementing a program of reform which was inspired by the French model. This also ensured taxes were being collected and a mercantilist system.
3. mita
4. Reconquista – was wars between the Christian and the Muslim for control of the Iberian Peninsula. The wars went on for many years from718 to
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Two places that were influenced by the enlightenment were Haiti and South America. Haiti had over a half million enslaved Africans working on sugar plantations owned by the French. Most of which were over worked and under fed. In 1791 a huge slave revolt broke out in Haiti and the Haitians would fight for freedom and pave the way to destroying the French rule.
The Latin American Independence was from 1807-1824. There were military and political movements that ended the colonial rule by Spain over Mexico, Central America, and South America. This gave birth to the modern independent nations of Latin America. (Latin American history)There were a few reasons which made the independence movements happen in Latin America when they did. The Creoles were inspired by the political ideas from Europe’s time of Enlightenment, which would question the traditional beliefs and authority along with introducing such concepts as limiting the power of
For four hundred years Spain ruled over an immense and profitable global empire that included islands in the Caribbean, Americas, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. After the Napoleonic Wars (1808-1815) many of Spain’s colonies followed the US’s lead, fighting and winning their independence. These revolts, coupled with other nations chipping away at Spain’s interests, dwindled Spain’s former Empire. By 1860, only Cuba and Puerto Rico were what remained of Spain’s former Empire. Following the lead of other former Spanish colonies, Cuban fighters started their campaign for independence, known as the Ten year war (1868-1878). This war developed into a Cuban insurgency which fought a guerilla war against the Spanish occupation.2
“Latin America includes the entire continent of South America, as well as Mexico. Central America, and the Caribbean Islands. Physical geography has played an important role in the economic development of Latin America.” (Doc A and Doc G) Latin America has many unique cultural characteristics, industrial products, agricultural products, and human activity.
Walter Mignolo explored the ways America had emerged as the forth continental division in the European understanding of the world. Mignolo did this through: examining the continental triad of Christian cosmology, explaining how the mercantile economy was transformed into a capitalist because of the “discovery” of America, and explaining the consequences of the West becoming the place from where categories of dominant knowledge and classifications of the rest of the world were created. Those three topics defined how America was invented rather than discovered.
The Enlightenment had the most far-reaching impact on American culture. The Enlightenment stemmed from the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution caused people to start thinking on their own and stop believing in, or at least question, the Bible. Although the Enlightenment started in England, it quickly spread through the colonies. The Enlightenment was key in helping set in motion the thought process that would eventually lead to the colonists to revolt against British rule. Enlightenment is the backbone of today’s democratic government. The Great Awakening had a bearing in that it gave people humanitarian beliefs to build on, but in the war for freedom that ensued, it was Enlightenment that fueled their fire.
The Enlightenment period in Europe was a shift in the way that society thought about power and liberty. The ideals of this period helped to inspire the revolutions of the 18th century. The American colonies desired liberty from foreign rule, the French wanted to increase the power of the people in their class structure, and the Haitians fought for representation for the millions of slaves on their island. While the ideas of the enlightenment were not fully employed in each of these revolutions, they brought the nations closer to a fully representative government, rather than one of absolute power.
The Enlightenment itself ignited the changes in perspective that were needed to provoke improvement in society and set new standards for our future. These standards spread rather rapidly across Europe and eventually to America and challenged the old order. These ideas of rational thinking over religion and authority delivered a vast political change throughout the world which can still be felt today. These revolutionary thoughts of rationalism brought on freedom of speech and the demand for equality in society. This was not only the igniter to the French revolution but was also, how many governments including the United States based their modern
Smitha, Frank E. “Rebellion against Spain in Latin America.” Macrohistory and World Report. Frank E. Smitha, 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. .
One of the factors that led to the Mexican independence is the socio-political conditions of the native Mexicans after being invaded by Spain. After the fall of Tenochtitlan, and for the three hundred years that followed, indigenous
Religion and war in Spanish society had been repeatedly associated with one another by the time of the conquest. The Spanish social hierarchy was well established
There were a few main points that led up to the Latin American independence movement. In, 1797 the Britain blockade of Spain took place for two years, which cut off resources and revenues for the country. In doing so, Britain had almost proved to Mexico that they could survive on their own in the New World without Spain. About 10 years later in 1808, Spain was in serious trouble with France and Napoleon Bonaparte had taken over Spain and appointed his brother King of Spain. Spain was in there own sort of disarray at this time so after proving to themselves
During the Napoleonic reign, the biggest reform appeared to be the loss of hereditary rights of the upper class citizens. Before Napoleon became a king, a lot of jobs were inherited. The purchase of the offices was rather common and skills were not required. Revolution believed in equality. Napoleon established that equality by granting everyone equal right to attempt the job. Now the positions were given out based on merit only. This change created fairness and limited the rights of the nobles at the same time. France was not the only country that felt the influence of the Napoleonic reform. Italian and German aristocrats were overthrown as well, and the weakening of the Spanish nobility even led to the revolt.
The Enlightenment was a major influence of the French Revolution. The Enlightenment caused the revolution in three ways. First of all, the Enlightenment made people see how France was not a perfect society. It opened their eyes to the fact that France was helping other countries more. For example, the French government gave money to support the American Revolution while the people in their own country need money. Also, Voltaire who was an Enlightenment thinker caused uproar by the peasants upon his return to France when he announced that England was superior to France (Voltaire 7). Second, it made people skeptical about whether the government was there to fulfill their duty of protecting the people’s natural rights. The Enlightenment encouraged people to question divine right, the God-given authority rulers claimed to have (Enlightenment, Its Origins and the French Revolution 15). Finally, it made the third estate realize how the taxation was simply greed. It made their eyes open to the fact that...
The ideas and goals of the enlightenment significantly influenced new imperialism. The enlightenment set the stage for new imperialism, it created new needs to be fulfilled by the means of foreign countries and was concealed by the enlightenment concept of universalism. And although the abolition of the slave trade was influenced by the ideas and goals of the enlightenment, it was not to the extent of new imperialism. Without the enlightenments influence there is no doubt that new imperialism would have had no reason to take place, however the same cannot be said for the abolition of the slave trade.
Enlightenment ideas in Latin America took place during the 1700's to the early 1800's. These ideas were appealed to the people because they taught that man was free and that all were equal. These ideas were important especially in countries were slavery existed and countries under the control of foreign powers. The Spark that ignited wide spread revolt was napoleon's invasion of Spain. He ousted the Spanish king and placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. Latin American leaders saw Spain's opportunity to reject foreign domination and demand independence from colonial rule. Two places that were influenced by the enlightenment were Haiti and South America. Toussaint L'Ouverture was also influenced by the enlightenment.
Scholars have debated not only the nature of Iberian colonialism, but also the impact that independence had on the people of Latin America. Historian Jaime E. Rodriguez said that, “The emancipation of [Latin America] did not merely consist of separation from the mother country, as in the case of the United States. It also destroyed a vast and responsive social, political, and economic system that functioned well despite many imperfections.” I believe that when independence emerged in Latin America, it was a positive force. However, as time progressed, it indeed does cause conflict.