Sugar Cane: Past and Present
Sugar cane is composed of six species of perennial grasses of the genus Saccharum L., in tribe Andropogoneae of the Gramineae. There are two wild species, S. spontaneum L. and S. robustum Brandes & Jeswiet ex Grassl, and 4 cultivated species, S. officinarum L., S. barberi Jeswiet, S. sinense Roxb., and S. edule Hassk. (Purseglove 1979). The four cultivated species are complicated hybrids, and all intercross readily. All commercial canes grown today are inter-specific hybrids (Wrigley 1982).
DISTRIBUTION
Sugar cane is believed to have originated in the South Pacific. S. spontaneum occurs in the wild from eastern and northern Africa, through the Middle East, to India, China, Taiwan, and Malaysia, and through the Pacific to New Guinea. The center of origin is probably in northern India where forms with the smallest chromosome numbers occur. S. robustum is found along river banks in New Guinea and some of its adjacent islands and is indigenous to the area. S. officinarum (or noble cane) most likely originated in New Guinea. This cane is only suited for tropical regions with favorable climate and soil. S. barberi probably originated in India. S. sinense occurs in portions of India, Indo-china, southern China and Taiwan. S. edule is thought to be a sterile form of S. robustum and is found only in New Guinea and nearby islands (Purseglove 1979).
Cane sugar is currently grown primarily in tropical regions. The highest latitudes at which cane is grown is in Natal, Argentina and at the southern extremes of the Australian industry (approximately 30 degrees S), and at 34 degrees N in northwest Pakistan, and 37 degrees N in southern Spain (Jenkins 1966).
HISTORICAL RECORD
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.... Vol. 1. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London. 258 pp.
Hagelberg, G.B. 1985. Sugar in the Caribbean: turning sunshine into money. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. 42 pp.
Heiser, C.B. 1981. Seed to civilization: the story of food. Second ed. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 254 pp.
Jenkins, G.H. 1966. Introduction to cane sugar technology. Elsevier Publishing Co., New York. 478 pp.
McIlroy, R.J. 1963. An introduction to tropical cash crops. Ibadan University Press, Nigeria. 163 pp.
Paturau, J.M. 1982. By-products of the cane sugar industry. Second ed. Elsevier scientific Publishing Co., New York. 366 pp.
Purseglove, J.W. 1979. Tropical crops: monocotyledons. Longman Group Ltd., London. 607 pp.
Wrigley, G. 1982. Tropical agriculture: the development of production. Fourth ed. Longman Inc., New York. 496 pp.
The sugar trade lasted from 1492-1700s. The Sugar Trade was a huge worldwide event. It caused African people leaving their country to go work on the sugar plantations.
The process by which high fructose corn syrup is made is complicated. To start, ordinary corn syrup must be obtained. Then, enzymatic processes increase its original sweetness. To produce the basic un-enhanced corn syrup, wet milling is a commonly used technique. Wet-milling includ...
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Salinger describes Holden as someone who wishes and desires to have an intimate relationship with Sally, but based on Freudian theory, Holden’s slip of the tongue reveals that he is bothered by Sally and her counter-argument to his proposal of moving together out of New York. Another defense mechanism that is manifested by Holden is denial. In “The Psychodynamic Perspective,” Robert F. Bornstein from Noba informs readers that denial is the failure to recognize negative effects of an event or experience. While Holden fails to succumb to the realization that he must release himself from the negative effects of Allie's death, he also struggles to submit to another necessity: growing up. Salinger includes a conversation between Holden and his sister Phoebe on page 173, where Holden reveals to Phoebe that he would want to be a catcher in the rye, where he would stop children playing on a cliff in a field of rye from falling. In other words, the protagonist desires to prevent kids from maturing and losing their innocence. Holden deflects his
The intriguing concept of supply and demand in the Louisiana sugar cane industry would be described as resilience. Louisiana’s sugar industry dates back to the turn of the 18th century. How can such a bountiful crop have such a stagnant return? One example of resilience is the sugar factory M.A. Patout and sons. This is the oldest and largest sugar factory in Louisiana that is still family owned and operated. The factory was originally founded in 1825 as a wine vineyard, being later converted to a sugar plantation due to south Louisiana’s subtropical climate. It has seen the rise and fall of sugar prices that have plagued area mills and farmers, forcing many out of business.
Holden Caulfield offers the reader an interesting view on dealing with teen problems and adult life through the eyes of a teenager suffering from depression. Depression and the death of his brother Allie play a significant role in Holden's personality, especially his sensitivity to people around him and the emotional response he has in certain situations. He is self-conscious of himself, but at the same time struggles for independence and individuality. He longs to keep his childhood, staying away from the adult world. However, Holden's story ends with saying "I sort of miss everybody I told about," implying that he has, at last, grown up and matured, and these experiences he has narrated are just boyhood memories.
Sugar in its many forms is as old as the Earth itself. It is a sweet tasting thing for which humans have a natural desire. However there is more to sugar than its sweet taste, rather cane sugar has been shown historically to have generated a complex process of cultural change altering the lives of all those it has touched, both the people who grew the commodity and those for whom it was grown. Suprisingly, for something so desireable knowledge of sugar cane spread vey slow. First found in Guinea and first farmed in India (sources vary on this), knowledge of it would only arrive in Europe thousands of years later. However, there is more to the history of sugar cane than a simple story of how something was adopted piecemeal into various cultures. Rather the history of sugar, with regards to this question, really only takes off with its introduction to Europe. First exposed to the delights of sugar cane during the crusades, Europeans quickly acquired a taste for this sweet substance. This essay is really a legacy of that introduction, as it is this event which foreshadowed the sugar related explosion of trade in slaves. Indeed Henry Hobhouse in `Seeds of Change' goes so far as to say that "Sugar was the first dependance upon which led Europeans to establish tropical mono cultures to satisfy their own addiction." I wish, then, to show the repurcussions of sugar's introduction into Europe and consequently into the New World, and outline especially that parallel between the suga...
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