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stress as a social determinant
stress as a social determinant
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Stuttering, the speech disorder that leads to several different behaviors all impacted by social situations. Stuttering itself is a speech impediment that makes it difficult for its victims to make out certain syllables, sounds, or words in a smooth clear manner. Through the years, several different kinds of research studies have been conducted over the specific disorder to better understand it as a whole. “The Impact of Social-Cognitive Stress on Speech Variability, Determinism, and Stability in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter” was one of the studies done to comprehend what role social cognitive stress played on the disorder. Jackson et. al. (2016) In addition, in order to fully grasp onto the day to day life of a person living with the stuttering …show more content…
Whalen conducted a speech disorder study on stuttering. The purpose of the study was done to examine the impact that social-cognitive stress had on one's ability to speak with the disorder. Many different speech characteristics were observed. The study involved taking note of the change of speech variability, stability, and determinism when people were put into different social situations by looking at their behavior, lip movement, and pronunciation when told to repeat certain sentences. In order to avoid confusing normal vocal inability with dysfunctions caused by the disorder, the researchers tested both people with and without the speech impediment. The research resulted in discovering that people who stutter not only tended to be more stable and deterministic with their sentences than the people who did not stutter, but also showcased more variable across sentences. When dealing with social anxiety, however, the participants that stutter showed more signs of struggling when faced with an audience. All together, people who stutter displayed a less flexible speaking approach when it came to face to face communication in this …show more content…
One of Haberman’s articles, “At Ease With a Life Of Stuttering” was shared with the public in 1999 about the personal struggles of Peter Reitzes. Reitzes has lived his whole life with the speech disorder and until he learned to cope with it, lived a life of stress. Similar to the commonly seen behaviors dealing with embarrassment, guilt, and frustration, Reitzes was all too familiar with them himself. He shares that he would often find himself not talking in social situations, or facing many limitations due to his impediment. Mr. Reitzes shares that to manage his stuttering, he simply accepted it. He came to a realization that he needs to speak his mind and stop holding back, even if it took time to get out what he wanted to say. Improved participation and healthy attitudes helped him start living the life he wanted to
Communication is the very first thing one learns as soon as he or she is born, crying when something upsetting happens or laughing to show contentment. However, as one ages, they begin to realize that using words to express thoughts and feelings is a great deal harder than manipulating sounds and actions. Author Toni Bambara of “Raymond’s Run” and Lauren Tarshis of “Stuttering Doesn’t Hold Me Back” have similar views on the difficulty of speaking up. Bambara writes about a boy called Raymond who has Down Syndrome and communicates with others in a special way, as he cannot utilize his words. “Stuttering Doesn’t Hold Me Back” is an inspiring story regarding a young student facing the challenges of her disorder. Both writings consider the idea that we all have our own methods of conversing, and we need to accept and understand that it is normal.
The 1992 comedy crime film, My Cousin Vinny, written by Dale Launer and directed by Jonathon Lynn portrays the communication disorder known as stuttering. Stuttering is a fluency disorder in which the rhythm and flow of speech is disrupted and differs significantly from what is socially accepted as ‘normal’. Stuttering has proven to be one of the most common communication disorders portrayed in media and literature; however, the reason behind including a stutter (ranging from barely there to extremely excessive) in a character’s script tends to vary.
Stuttering affects the fluency of speech. Stuttering is characterized by disruptions in speech sound productions, also known as a disfluency. Mostly, stuttering has a significant effect on some daily activities. Though some people have disfluency deficits only in certain situations. Some people limit their participations in different everyday activities because they are often embarrassed or sad about their situation and are concerned about how other's will react to stuttering. In stuttered speech repetitions of words or also of parts of words are included. Prolongations of speech sounds may also occur. It is a characteristic of some people who
Davis, S., Shisca, D., & Howell, P. (2007). Anxiety in speakers who persist and recover from stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, 40, 398-417.
As most people know speech and language issues would only happen with children just learning to talk and tennagers in middle school to high school. The reasoning behind this is because most people don’t correct their children’s speech when they are first learning due to the fact that the parents or grandparents think it is to cute to correct, which only hurts the children more th...
These scores usually measured and calculated by speech therapist or raters by counting each syllable spoken to know the subject or patient’s fluency at the end of Rating Session. Thus, token reinforcement was introduced as the subjects will be rewarded to encourage them zero stuttering and increase SPM rate while penalty was scheduled in this token system to reduce “give up” behavior. This therapy was conducted by hospitalized a group of adult male who are stutter and the treatment lasted about 21 days. In this studies, three stages were applied which in the stage A, subjects were treated by token system. For stage B and stage C, token system was combined with a graded delayed auditory feedback (GDAF) schedule designed
In “Why I Keep Speaking Up, Even When People Mock My Accent,” Safwat Saleem(2016), in an inspiring Ted Talk, emphasizes that maybe normal isn't really normal, Saleem talks about his life and growing up with a stutter and learning confidence. Although as a kid Saleem was bullied such as this example; “After some awkward silence, he goes, "Have you forgotten your name?" (Saleem 2016)And I'm still quiet. And then, slowly, all the other people in the room begin to turn toward me and ask, almost in unison,”(Saleem 2016) with this experience, he, later on, he found comfort in doing voice overs in his videos and disguising his voice to help him except his voice. As to find a norm in his voice
Stuttering is a neurological disorder of communication, from which the normal flow of speech is disrupted by repetitions (neu-neu-neuro), prolongations (biiiii-ol-ooogy), or abnormal stoppages (no sound) of sounds and syllables. Rapid eye blinking, tremors of the lips and/or jaw, or other struggle behaviors of the face or upper body may accompany speech disruptions ((3)). Why does stuttering worsen in situations that involve speaking before a group of people or talking on the phone, whereas fluency of speech improves in situations such as whispering, acting, talking to pets, speaking alone, or singing ((1))? In ancient times, physicians believed that the stutterer's tongue was either too long or too short, too wet or too dry. Therefore, practitioners from the mid-1800s tried surgical remedies such as drilling holes into the skull or cutting pieces of the tongue out to eliminate stuttering ((1) ).
For example one question was, “does it prevent me from doing ordinary things?” It’s a yes and no answer because I still walk, and run it does not prevent me from doing things physical things, but when it comes to talking it’s a little bit more difficult and I struggle more. Stuttering makes things more challenging which is alright but you have to work more on how you talk. “Why can’t you speak correctly?” That is another question that anyone can ask and the truth is that it is a disorder in our speech sound of word, we repeat some of the words. “How does it feel to stutter?” To me as a stutter person it affects emotionally because sometimes I rather be quite and prevent talking and embarrassing myself. It affects us because of the way we communicate, it is not easy but we try to make it fluently as possible. (Question
"My most valuable tool is words, the words I can now use only with difficulty. My voice is debilitated - mute, a prisoner of a communication system damaged by a stroke that has robbed me of language," stated A. H. Raskins, one of approximately one million people in the United States who suffer from aphasia (1), a disorder which limits the comprehension and expression of language. It is an acquired impairment due to brain injury in the left cerebral hemisphere. The most common cause of aphasia is a stroke, but other causes are brain tumors, head injury, or other neuralgic illnesses. Of the estimated 400,000 strokes which occur a year, approximately 80,000 of those patients develop some form of aphasia (2). Another important observation is that within the United States, there are twice as many people with aphasia as there are individuals with Parkinson's disease (2). Yet, what is so astounding is the lack of public awareness about aphasia. Aphasia attacks an intricate part of a person's daily life - the simple act of communication and sharing. The disbursement of such a tool deprives an individual of education learned through their life, often leaving the ill fated feeling hopeless and alone. In considering the effects of aphasia, a deeper analysis of the two most common forms of aphasia will be examined: Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia. While both forms occur usually as a result of a stroke in the left hemisphere of the brain, their particular site of impairment produces different side effects in an individual's comprehension and speech. These regions have been further studied through experimental researches such as positron emission tomography (PET). Moreover, although there is currently no cure for the disorder, there are treatments and certain guidelines to follow when encountering an aphasic.
During my demonstration speech, I was affected by my speech anxiety. Some of the viewable symptoms were the shaking of my hands and also the stuttering of speech. I was able to control myself and relax after I started getting into my information. I did use some of the suggested relaxation techniques to relieve my anxiety. Before I got up to speak I thought confident of myself to help give me courage and confidence.
There comes a time in our life when we know what we want to say, but it does not come out the way we thought it would. Such as being worried about reading out loud in class, going up to an employee in a fast food restaurant to order a simple meal, or making a presentation in class can be terrifying for most individuals with an articulation disorder. An articulation disorder consist of having difficulties producing sounds, substituting sounds, leaving out letters in a word, or adding or changing letters in a word. In most cases when individuals have trouble articulating words he/she might have problems with the main articulators which include: the jaw, lips, teeth, tongue, velum, alveolar ridge, and hard/soft palate. These articulators play
Communication is very crucial in life, especially in education. Whether it be delivering a message or receiving information, without the ability to communicate learning can be extremely difficult. Students with speech and language disorders may have “trouble producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say” (Turkington, p10, 2003) Each of these problems can create major setbacks in the classroom. Articulation, expression and reception are all essential components for communication. If a student has an issue with articulation, they most likely then have difficulty speaking clearly and at a normal rate (Turkington, 2003). When they produce words, they may omit, substitute, or even distort sounds, hindering their ability to talk. Students who lack in ways of expression have problems explaining what they are thinking and feeling because they do not understand certain parts of language. As with all types of learning disabilities, the severity can range. Two extreme cases of expression disorders are dysphasia and aphasia, in which there is partial to no communication at all (Greene, 435, 2002). Individuals can also have a receptive disorder, in which they do not fully comprehend and understand information that is being given to them. They can experience problems making sense of things. “Children may hear or see a word but not be able to understand its meaning” (National Institutes of Health, 1993, p1). Whether children have difficulty articulating speech, expressing words, receiving information, or a combination of the three, there is no doubt that the tasks given to them in school cause frustration. These children experience anxiety when...
The researches based on familial incidence and family aggregation are designed to find out if stuttering runs in families and the effect of relatedness of family members on the disorder. The study by Bryngelson and Rutherford (1937) were one of the first researchers who revealed the influence of familial incidence and indicated that the risk of stuttering is three times greater within the families containing ...
Hall-Flavin, Daniel K. "Fear of Public Speaking: How Can I Overcome It?" Mayo Clinic. N.p., 24 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. .