The study of language variation has been a common area of research for many linguists in the past and the present. One specific reason was to gather and compile valuable data of both males and females in different institutional settings. For instance,
O’barr and Atkins (1980) utilized Robin Lakoff’s essay on “women’s language” to study language variation in a specific institutional context such as the courtroom in America and their sex-related differences (p. 451). On the other hand, Eckert (2011) focuses on sociolinguistic variation or often also referred to as “accent.” She describes this concept as phonological variation or nuances of pronunciation that reflect significant information about the characteristics of a speaker’s social identity, class, age, ethnicity, and gender
(p.57). In this study, the researcher incorporates and contrasts the above key features through an analyzed thirty-minute conversation between three females and two males.
Furthermore, the participants in this study showed and expressed their unique language variations through tag questions, the use of so and very, and empty adjectives.
This particular conversational study consisted of three females, Amanda, Ker, and
Sarah and two males, Carlos and Miguel. Amanda is 19 years old and identifies herself as Caucasian. She is a full-time student at Fresno State and is currently pursuing her education in social work. She is a special needs student and is very timid in the classroom, but gregarious on the outside. Ker is 22 years old, a full-time student at
Fresno State who is pursuing her education in Biology, she identifies herself as Hmong, and is very traditional and family oriented. Sarah is 20 years old, a full-time student at...
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...ed thirty-minute conversation between three females and two males.
Furthermore, the participants in this study showed and expressed their unique language variations through tag questions, the use of so and very, and empty adjectives in a one on one conversation through a specific institutional study of a diverse group with both males and females. This study showed that the institutional setting and context does play a major role in gender conversation conjured up with social identity because both the males and females were neutral in their conversations and neither the male or the female deem to establish dominance, but rather to just establish a connection to accomplish a simple task. Some people may view males as the individual to promote “powerless language,” but in study the women were the dominant ones to used this type of feature in
conversation.
her education. Because Katrina’s federal aid for college was rejected, she is unable to go back to
In the Vietnamese language, there is a range of 19 to 21 consonant phonemes, which differs in result of how a word is pronounced. A consonant such as “/p/” only comes about when a word is borrowed from the French language. Other consonants experience more pronunciation such as “/tʰ/”, which occurs when there is an exhale of air that is followed by the words release. The Vietnamese language is also made up of 72 vowels. Technically, there are 12 vowels in the Vietnamese language. However, the language consists of six tones which therefore leads to a total of 72 distinct vowels. (Thompson 2013).
According to Deborah Tannen, she argued that similar miscommunication occurs all the time between women and men. Tannen defined genderlect “as the belief that masculine and feminine styles of discourse are best viewed as two distinct cultural dialects rather than as inferior or superior way of speaking” (Tannen pg., 433). In other words, discussion of men and women are not accurate and immoral, and as she mentioned inferior or superior, but overall just different. To get a better understanding of this, Tannen gave examples in which she quoted “women seek human connection, whereas men are concerned mainly with status” (Tannen pg. 433). Indicating that women tend to find that interaction when talking to the opposite sex, while men just want
lives in a typical nuclear family, her community is currently in the midst of a
Introduction The topic of gender differences must understandably be approached with caution in our modern world. Emotionally charged and fraught with ideas about political correctness, gender can be a difficult subject to address, particularly when discussed in correlation to behavior and social behavior. Throughout history, many people have strove to understand what makes men and women different. Until the modern era, this topic was generally left up to religious leaders and philosophers to discuss. However, with the acquisition of more specialized medical knowledge of human physiology and the advent of anthropology, we now know a great deal more about gender differences than at any other point in history.
The belief that gender roles are inherently biological is a cultural fallacy, which can lead to an inability to effectively communicate when we do not assess each individual’s personality. Research of this topic is necessary in order to learn how to completely understand how to communicate. When trying to communicate with an individual there are more variables than simply gender that need to be assessed. However, there are many ways that society implies that this is not necessary.
Phonological awareness (PA) involves a broad range of skills; This includes being able to identify and manipulate units of language, breaking (separating) words down into syllables and phonemes and being aware of rhymes and onset and rime units. An individual with knowledge of the phonological structure of words is considered phonologically aware. A relationship has been formed between Phonological awareness and literacy which has subsequently resulted in Phonological awareness tasks and interventions.This relationship in particular is seen to develop during early childhood and onwards (Lundberg, Olofsson & Wall 1980). The link between PA and reading is seen to be stronger during these years also (Engen & Holen 2002). As a result Phonological awareness assessments are currently viewed as both a weighted and trusted predictor of a child's reading and spelling and ability.
Looking upon my time here at Central Michigan, I recall in previous courses that phonemic awareness is how we interpret the sounds in a word. Essentially, being able to hear and identify these sounds of our language. After deeply focusing on Phonological and phonemic awareness over the course of a few weeks, it is clear that my prior knowledge isn’t far off. Both of these skills involve sound and can be processed with eyes closed—no printed material. After much research, these skills are vital to a child and their development; they aid in spelling, alphabetic principle, and letter-sound correspondence. If this skill is not obtained by a child, he or she will have a difficult time with reading and comprehension in addition to poor spelling.
Ella is a 24 year old college student at Utah State University. She will graduate with her bachelor’s degree in communicative disorders at the end of this semester as the valedictorian of her department. She will then will go to graduate school at Utah State. She has a job as a teaching assistant as well as one as a research assistant that keep her busy. She is studious in her school work and has a GPA above a 3.9.
freedom to work outside of the house and frequently visits social events, still living the life of a
Launched from National Science Foundation, a report by Elizabeth Malone explain that Dialect is certain ways of talking by many different language communities that set them apart from others, include accents, grammar, vocabulary, syntax, and common expressions. A group that isolated regionally and socially from other groups will develop characteristic dialect. Edward (2009) defined dialects as a variety of a language that differs from others along three dimensions: vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation (accent) because they are forms of the same language. Variety/Variation divided into two types; Regional variation and social variation. Regional variation occurs because people often speak differently in different places, and Social variation involves non-regional differences – the result of such things as social class, gender, ethnic background and education; it also includes variation according to changes in a speaker’s situation.
properly. Example: at workplace. There are both men and women at a workplace and they interact in a
English language has lately become the world’s lingua franca, making it one of the most spoken languages worldwide. An important feature that gives it a sustainable advantage over other languages is ability to easily adapt to changes. It is spoken in many dialects across multiple countries and continues to welcome new words while other words change meaning or are slowly abandoned. For instance, the word “abandoned” wouldn’t have made sense in the last sentence if an English man from the 14th century read it, because back then, it meant “to subjugate.” On the other hand, there are many English words that are added to official dictionaries at a yearly basis such as “tweep”, “selfie” and “hashtag”.
Changes in the Phonological Realization of the Middle English Long Vowels, Exemplified Through the Developments of /iː'/, /ɛː'/ and /aː'/
English is an international language that is widely used in business, information and technology, advertising, broadcasting and so on. A high level of English proficiency is a must if students want to embark into these fields after their schooling days. Teachers are playing a vital role in polishing the students’ proficiency of English in speaking to meet the demand of the job. According to Bulley (2004), the most decisive element for English is sound. Zaidan & Jassem (1997), also agree and states that the sound of English knowledge is a major element in speaking native-like English. This makes it more importance for English Language teachers to know about the sounds of English language (Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo, 1998). Teachers must uncover the knowledge of phonology to help themselves and learners in teaching and learning. Teachers’ awareness of this importance will help students to be fluent in their English Language in speaking, listening and reading. According to Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams (2003), phonology is the study of the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns. Phonetics is also one of the importance elements in phonology. Phonetics is the study of speech sound Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams (2003). As a future English Language teacher, it is important to acquire the knowledge of phonology to guide students in their speaking, reading and listening skills. Thus, this essay will be discussing on how the knowledge of phonology help in the future role as an English Language Teacher.