Structural Analysis of Aircraft Structures
Introduction
Aircrafts are usually built from components like wings, fuselages, tail units, engines, flight controls surfaces, stabilizers, main rotor assembly, tail rotor assembly and landing gears with a very few exceptions as per design. Each component has one or more categorical functions and must be designed to ascertain that it can carry out these functions safely. A fixed wing aircraft possesses wings, fuselages, engines, flight controls surfaces, stabilizers and landing gears and a rotary wing aircraft possess main rotor assembly, tail rotor assembly, fuselages, engines and landing gears. A good aircraft structure is one which provides all the strength and rigidity to sanction the aircraft to meet all its design requisites, but which weighs no more than indispensable.
The important factors to be take into consideration in aircraft structures are strength, weight and reliability which determine the requisites to be met by any material used in construction or repair of the aircraft. Airframes must be light in weight and strong. All materials used in construction of an aircraft must be reliable. Reliability minimizes the possibility of hazardous and unexpected failures. Many forces and structural stresses act on an aircraft when in flight and on ground. When it on ground, the force of gravity engenders weight, which is fortified by the landing gear. The landing gear absorbs the forces imposed on the aircraft by takeoffs and landings. Any maneuver that causes acceleration or deceleration during flight increases the forces and stresses on the wings and fuselage. Stresses that act on the wings, fuselage and landing gears are tension, compression, bending, shear and torsion. The stres...
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...) stress resultants is computed for a given shell gauge pressure which is generally 12 psig. For the fuselage, the longitudinal bending moment distributions are examined from three load cases. Loads are computed for a quasi-static pull-up maneuver, a landing maneuver, and travel over runway bumps. There are a variety of structural geometries available for the fuselage. There is a simply stiffened shell concept utilizing longitudinal frames. There are three concepts with Z-stiffened shells and longitudinal frames; one with structural material proportioned to give minimum weight in buckling, one with buckling efficiency compromised to give lighter weight in minimum gage, and one a buckling pressure compromise. Similarly, there are three truss-core sandwich designs, two for minimal weight in buckling with and without frames, and one a buckling-minimum gage compromise.
Boeing Ltd. has initiated a project that will improve the design aircraft. This design will provide a safer and more comfortable flight. In conjunction with this project, Batchel...
Aerodynamics is generally summarized in these 2 terms: “Lift against Weight” and “Thrust against Drag”. This basically means the amount of flight power generated must be equal to, or greater than the amount of weight of the airplane, and the amount of pushing generated, must be equal to or greater than the airs resistance. But the overall question, so far, is how is “Lift” and “Thrust” generated? The answer to how “Thrust” is generated is quite simple. Its sort of how a car would move, except in a much different way. Airplanes have 4 engines, which can each exert easily up to 200 PSI of air (pressure per square inch), composed of liquid fuel cylinders, and internal combustion (like a car). It also tops to 250 km per hour on the runway! But how “Lift” is generated is, the true definition of aerodynamics. The first thing you must consider to understand this is that the wing of the plane is specially designed, to force the air above the wing to rush faster, than the air beneath it. This works according to the “Bernoulli’s principle”. The reason air above the wing must be fast...
In its design of the Comet, De Havilland used two nonstandard design techniques that contributed significantly to the aircraft failures. The first was that the company heavily employed Redux metal-to-metal bonding in which a strong, light aluminum alloy was fixed to the frame of the aircraft with a very strong adhesive during the Redux process. The engineers based their decision to use that technique primarily on the fact that the Comet’s initial design had a large weight and that its four Ghost engines, also built by De Havilland, could not support it with their thrust.
The Boeing aircraft company has a long history for creating commercial and military aircraft that are used throughout the world. It is considered to be the most prevalent aerospace company in existence today and employs thousands of workers in many different countries. Throughout its history, Boeing has produced some of the most popular aircraft known today. Possibly the most notable being the 747, which when first revealed was the largest commercial aircraft in existence. Other companies often benefit from Boeing’s existence, one example being General Electric, which supplies engines for aircraft such as the 777. It is also a major defense contractor for the United States military, often competing against rivals like Lockheed Martin.
Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report - The Planes - Popularmechanics.com. (n.d.). Automotive Care, Home Improvement, Tools, DIY Tips - Popularmechanics.com. Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/news/debunking-911-myths-planes
Aviation industry deals with more than thousands of people and also spending millions of funds in order to meet the requirements, satisfy the necessities of people and to produce state-of-the-art aircraft. With its objective it is significant to consider the hazards involved and bring out an output with the least extent and under control risks to prevent any loss in terms of life and even profit.
One very influential inventions in the early 20th century is the aircraft. Ever since the design set by the Wright brothers, it has changed in both shape and size. Throughout history people have always found a reason to travel, and now this new type of invention is allowing people to travel farther and move faster. Everyone, no matter your color, race, or gender, is allowed to travel by this new form of transportation. The evolution of the plane played a major impact on the ability to travel, since the first day of airplane being created to when commercial flight was modernized.
The aerospace industry is fairly new in our day in age. It has been recorded in history that the first flight ever by man took place in Kitty Hawk, NC roughly 100 years ago. Since that first model, drastic improvements have been made in aerospace technology. Aerospace has evolved from simple prop planes to sound barrier breaking jets and even to space shuttles. The very definition of aerospace in the adjective or active form is “of or relating to aerospace, to vehicles used in aerospace or the manufacture of such vehicles, or to travel in aerospace.” In general, aerospace deals with any dynamic manufactured vehicle that travels above the surface of the earth. This, as you might expect, leaves two possibilities, the atmosphere or our earth, and outer space. Such basic examples of aerospace vehicles are Cessna planes, Black Hawk helicopters, Goodyear blimps and the Columbia Space Shuttle. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, aerospace has and will continue to be an integrated part of our society.
Design Features of Aircrafts This assignment report is entirely the original work of the author except for the sources and extracts listed in the bibliography at the back of this document. All direct quotes are enclosed within quotation marks and attributed to the source material, including the page number, directly afterwards. Signature Date [IMAGE] [IMAGE] ADVANCED ENGINEERING GROUP Royal Air Force Cosford Albrighton WOLVERHAMPTON West Midlands WV7 3EX Tel: (01902) 372393 DFTS: 95561 Ext 7743 BTEC HIGHER NATIONAL CERTIFICATE IN ENGINEERING Course No 1247/1
In achieving such goal, there are four factors of aerodynamics to be considered: lift, drag, thrust and weight. The four factors of aerodynamics are lift, drag, thrust and weight. According to NASA, "Weight is the force due to a gravity. Thrust is the force generated by the engine. Whereas lift is the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the direction of travel of aircraft relative to air, and drag is as the aerodynamic force acting parallel to the direction of travel." Aerodynamics is a significant factor in any vehicle design, including automobiles as well as assisting while calculating wind load of large buildings and bridges. Conservation of Mass, Conservation of Momentum and Conservation of Energy are three factors that are used to solve aerodynamics problem. In addition, pressure, density, temperature and velocity are fundamental variables that are used to s...
The development of composite material in the aerospace industry started when Douglas Aircraft Company bought the first roll of fiberglass shipped to the west coast because they believed that the fiberglass would help them solve a production problem. During the production process, the plastic molds were aimed to be reinforced with fiberglass such that it would become strong enough to allow at least a few parts to be made so that the new designs could be quickly verified. Indeed the fiberglass reinforcement did in fact prove to be stronger and it was a successful process. Moreover, new composites were made from fiberglass material and phenolic resin which the only resin available at the time. This was indeed a successful period for composite materials and more interest were attracted by many applications.
Since the first successful flight of Wright brothers on December 17, 1903, a lot has changed, wright brothers’ flyer was capable of carrying only one passenger, but modern passenger plane could carry up to 500 passengers but it is based on the Wrights flyer. We cannot imagine how our lives would be without flying machines. Airplanes are necessary in this modern time; after all there are the fastest and safest way to travel and transport cargo, and backbone of modern day war. So in one way or another, Wilbur and Orville have changed our lives and made man’s oldest dream to fly possible, using their ingenuity and ability to solve problems, made the first self-Propelled heavier than air machine that was able to fly.
Mechanical engineering is a type of engineering which applies principles of physics and material science for the purpose of analyzing, designing, manufacturing and maintaining of mechanical systems (Gorp, 2005). It is involved with the production and usage of mechanical power in the operation of various machines and tools. Mechanical engineering is considered to be the most diverse engineering and has its breadth derived from the need to design tools and manufacture products which range from small individual parts to large systems. Mechanical engineering, as thought of by scholars, is related to Aerospace engineering, Manufacturing and Mechanical engineering (Van et al, 2011).
...ave of water, wind loading and settlement of support. However, those situations stated will cause stress due to the ability of the beam to compact and redistribute the load among the beam. To overcome the disadvantage, the most suitable material, cross section and second moment area is required to be used to design the highest efficiency structure in real life application.
Aircrafts are amazing traveling machines that travel through the atmosphere and throughout the years have facilitated transportations making them quicker. These types of traveling machines are designed to be faster than any other type of transportation; therefore, each part of the machine has a specific function either for safety or the passengers’ comfort.