Undoubtedly the most important topics in this research are structural analysis, finite element methods and the basic review on Abaqus software due to the fact that this software is used as a research tool for examining the behaviour of structures. Therefore, it is essential to know about these topics and the relationships between them. An effort is made to review the important structural analysis and finite element method approaches, reports and fundamentals guiding the structural analysis of the CNC machine research in a coherent way, along with a few relevant examples from literature.
2.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
According to Mike N.Thomas, “structural analysis can be described as a physical law and mathematical calculation required for the prediction of the behaviour of any structure” (Thomas M. N., 2005). Indeed, structural analysis must put forth some other aspects that cannot be treated in a precise manner such as sound working patterns, conservation design and the concept of safety. The term structural (or structure) implies not only civil engineering structures such as bridges and buildings, but also naval, aeronautical, and mechanical structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine housings, as well as mechanical components such as pistons, machine parts, and tools (ANSYS PRODUCT). Although structural analysis uses the analytical methods for predicting the structure behaviour, regardless of those methods the formulation is based on the same fundamental relations such as equilibrium, constitutive and compatibility.
Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke and Issac Newton were pioneers of modern structural analysis in the 17th century with their scientific works. The beginning of structural analysis was in 1638 when Gal...
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2.3.1 BENEFITS OF FEM
However there are so many benefits that can be described for FEMs, but the most important benefits of finite element methods can be classified as follows:
• FEMs help tremendously in producing stiffness and strength visualizations in a structural simulation and also minimizing weight, materials and costs (DS.SIMULIA, 2007).
• It can show the critical area where structures bend or twist and also can visualize the distribution of stresses and displacements (Miodrag Skolowich, 2006).
• It can visualize the engineering design for many industrial applications.
• Other benefits of FEM can be mentioned as an understanding about critical design parameter, virtual prototyping, faster and less expensive manufacturing process. Clearly FEM allows designs to be constructed, refined and optimized before the design is manufactured (Bhushan, 2010).
and engineers from a wide variety of fields have begun researching its structure and the
Today, engineers rely on damping systems to counteract nature's forces. There are many types of damping systems that engineers can now use for structures, automobiles, and even tennis rackets! This site focuses on damping systems in structures, mainly architectural variations of the tuned mass damper.
Parts, when in service and while forming, are subjected to forces. It is necessary to know the characteristics of the material to design and form the component so that any resulting deformation will not result in failure of the component in service and while forming.
Applied statics is the study of ways of calculating forces between adjoining bodies. Forces are responsible for sustaining balance and causing motion of objects. In this course we began the use of free body diagrams which assisted in representing the different forces on a structure in a simplified way. Cadlder, I am sure, used many different diagrams and preliminary drawings and designs that showed the different forces on the massive structure. This course also included much discussion involving the equilibr...
The structural engineers use geometry in their design in order to calculate the spacing of their columns and beams for proper strength for the building.
Equation 3.3 is utilized for the assessment of the structural torsional stiffness of the handle for its design and analysis. This equation is inputted into the spreadsheet and plotted to look for the coefficient. The coefficient is the structural torsional stiffness, KT of the handle. All values needed for the equation are measured from the handle model in SolidWorks.
Testing allows for the engineer to physically observe any problems in the products design, tweaking these issues often requires the basic skills one would need in the average mechanical engineer’s workplace, “Mechanical engineers typically do the following: redesign mechanical and thermal devices or subsystems, using analysis and computer-aided design, analyze the test results and change the design or system as needed, and oversee the manufacturing process for the device” (“Mechanical”).
Figure 2 shows the meshed model of lower suspension arm with 2.4 mm of mesh size and 10node Tetrahedron element (TET10) were considered for the analysis.
It is also necessary to take into account the consequent restrictions of the manufacturing process. This means that the firewall and seat geometry needs to be designed considering the characteristics and limitations of the 5D CNC milling machine (used to obtain the milling models) and the Mould.
Had created the three dimensional model of steam turbine casing. As the model is complex, so they made some assumptions to simplify the model. Assumptions are as follows
Advanced CNC fabrication tools and 3D printing machines have made notable improvements in the construction industry. The benefits of this new approach have been developed over many years to increase...
One of the most widely known structures made from triangles are the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt. These pyramids are made up of four equilateral triangles as shown in the picture to the right. Equilateral triangles are most commonly used in construction, since they can easily distribute weight throughout their sides (Ramos). Made out of four basic triangles the pyramids, which have lasted for 4,000 years without wearing away or collapsing, are an impeccable example of the strength of a triangle providing intangible insight into their relevance in engineering. Similarly triangles are also used to form the base of structures such as the truss bridge, which as stated by the name “truss” represents a structure made up of triangles (Palladino). The triangular base proves to be a primary factor in providing stability and the capacity to sustain a large amount of weight to truss bridges. As shown in the picture of the truss bridge, the truss structure applies all the pressure to the base of the bridge, where it distributes the stress to the ends. This allows the truss to carry more weight without collapsing. With such a basic structure, trusses tend to be cheaper in terms of construction allowing the builder to maximize available materials ("Truss Design”). There are a multitude of trusses including the Allan truss, Baltimore truss, Bowstring truss, ect (“Truss Design”). Each with their own unique complex architectural structures allow architects to maximize the immense power within
Like all engineers, architectural engineers apply the theories and principles of science and mathematics to research and develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between scientific discoveries and commercial applications. Engineers design products, machinery to build those products, factories in which those products are made, and the systems that ensure the quality of the product and efficiency of the workforce and manufacturing process. Engineers design, plan, and supervise the construction of buildings, highways, and transit systems. They develop new materials that both improve the performance of products and help implement advances in technology. Engineering knowledge is applied to improving many things, including the quality of health care, the safety of food products, and the efficient operation of financial systems.
Optimization is a chronic and natural process usually witnessed in our daily life events. In various disciplines such as engineering designs, manufacturing systems, agricultural sciences, physical sciences, economics, pattern recognition etc. optimization is observed. Optimization is, thus a process of making best, effective and functional solution out of possible choices no way differs from the structural optimization which is being conceived in the present work. Structural optimization is a decisive and tricky step, where the designers are able to generate better designs saving time and money. Conventional optimization approaches like mathematical programming method, optimality criteria method etc. fails miserably in structural design problems which are highly complex and time consuming in nature. Optimization problems are mathematical models formulated to solve complex designs that may be of multi-objective nature in certain cases. Structural design procedure involves conceptual design and design realization leading to several probable results since higher degree of ambiguity is experienced in every steps. Conceptual design phase is more dependent on decision variables than in advance optimization phase. Optimization is one of the major tool for decision making at the conceptual or realization phase of modern design techniques. In design realization stage optimization is achieved by mathematical and numerical search methods.
Chua, Ian Y. H. Civil and Structural Engineering Resource Web. 29 Jan. 2000. 2 Mar.