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Stroop effect experiment 1935
Strengths and weaknesses of the stroop effect
The stroop experiment analysis
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The ability for adaptive behavior and the conditions that affect it has been a central area of research for psychologists since its inception. When behaviors are learned they become automatic processes. Automatic processes can be described as behavior that is not particularly motivated by the avoidance of error because a person no longer has to consciously think about the next piece of desired information. Automatic processes occur with less effort and error, whereas controlled processes need to occur with a person’s full attention. Controlled processes require conscious decisions to perform tasks and can be error-prone. Tasks such as walking, writing, and reading are examples of automatic processes that do not recognize an error until after it has occurred. Errors can occur by factors that can cause interference of cognitive processes. The ability to distinguish color is an example of controlled process that is a part of the Stroop Effect. The Stroop Effect was an experiment developed by John Ridley Stroop to demonstrate that interference in cognitive processes can be created. He did this by applying mismatched colors to words for colors (i.e. the word green was written in red) and having people name the color, a controlled task, while reading, an automatic task; it has become the standard for studying the process of drawing meanings from words. Over-learned automatic processes sometimes interfere with conscious processes. Automatic processes are beneficial for fast and effortless processing of cognitive thought but can be negative if the processes become hard to stop when the conditions are appropriate. Therefore, when a controlled process is in direct competition with an automatic process in certain tasks, the automatic proces...
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...trings, letter strings and color assignment in correspondence with the letter strings and its positioning.
Results
As predicted, there was main effect of list type, F(2, 42) = 8.63, p = .001 on the amount of time recorded in seconds and accurate to the nearest hundredth of a millisecond. The pseudo (M = 14.66, SD = 3.72), neutral (M = 14.88, SD = 3.7), and color list type (M = 18.21, SD = 4.65) were reliable as seen in Figure 1. Post-hoc t-test was analyzed and resulted in significance in neutral words t(21) = -3.04, p < .001 and color words t(21) = 4.06, p < .001.
References
MacLeod, M. C. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.
Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
Redding, G & Gerjets, D. (1977). Stroop effect: Interference and facilitation with verbal and manual responses. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45, 11-17.
Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Psychology. (2nd ed., p. 600). New York: Worth Pub.
Harvey et al (2000) also used the word list learning and delayed recall, pranix drawing, modified Boston Naming test and CERAD to assess cognitive function of both their control and experimental populations. The word list learning and delayed recall is a ten item list of words that is presented to the subject during three separate trials. After each trial the subject is asked to freely recall the words from the list. After a delay, which is filled with the pranix drawing task, the participants are asked to recall the list of words once again. The dependent variable in this task is the number of words recalled over the three trials and the number of words that were recalled after the delay. The scores ranged from 0 to 20 based the...
Washington: American Psychiatric Press Inc. Nairne, J. S., Smith, M. S., and Lindsay, D. S. (2001). Psychology: The Adaptive Mind. Scarborough: Nelson Thomson Learning.
In a study done by V. S. Ramachandran and Zeve Marcus, seven synaesthetes and thirteen non-synaesthetes were tested on their personal effects of the McCollough effect (2017). Collectively, this study showed that the observations made could prove the possibility that the McCollough effect can take advantage of the color connections that synesthetes already possess to strengthen the effects.
This exploration of strabismus has shown that the brain is a very active participant in determining our perception of the world around us. Visual informati on received by the eye is only part of the story, the brain takes these images and selects what is useful, discarding (strabismus) as well as adding (blind spot) information, thus, constructing our visual experience.
Describe and analyze at least 2 novel examples of stimulus control in your own behavior. Be specific. Is the stimulus control present in your examples helpful or harmful? Explain.
Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Cognitive psychology (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers
Stern, L. D., Marrs, S., Millar, M.G. & Cole, E. (1984). Processing Time and th Recall of Inconsistent and Consistent Behviors of Individuals and Groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 253-262.
There have been many experiments done on depth of processing and the self reference effect. The Depth of Processing model of memory maintains that how deep something is encoded into a person's memory depends on using certain types of processing. This relates to the self reference effect because it is believed that people have the tendency to remember something better when they can relate it to themselves. People who can personally relate to something have the tendency to embed it deeper into their memory.
Proactive Interference occurs when information that we learned previously interfere with newer information. When Proactive Interference occurs, we cannot
Colors. Colors are grouped according to their wavelengths. Colors with longer wavelengths such as red, orange and yellow are perceived as warm colors. Colors with shorter wavelengths such as blue, purple and green colors are perceived as cool colors. White, grey and black colors as perceived as neutral colors.
Learning is defined as a “process of change that occurs as a result of an individual’s experience” (Mazure, 2006). Researchers assume that the process of learning follows certain general principles, which were developed, into the general process learning theories. These include operant conditioning and classical conditioning which has been put forward by leading psychologists like Pavlov, B.F.Skinner and Thorndike. However, in learning, operant and classical conditoning are opposed by biological constraints that state that there are limitations to the theories. Some of these biological constraints on learning will be discussed below.
Change it so that there is a quitter working space for the test subjects to work in. This is pretty important to do because this can greatly affect the time that the test subject gets. For example if there were no distraction the test subjects might get faster times because they would be more focused. Also make two copies of the Stroop Effect chart so that there is data on how many times the test subject made an error. Add more trials to all the tests. For example if there were three trials for reciting the color of the word than there would be a better average to compare the data to. Do the same; add more trials to reciting just the word. Next there could be the same test for adults to see if adults do better than the middle school students. Next time make changes to the style of Stroop Effect. For example, change the experiment so that it is more in sync with the actual Stroop Effect test. “In two classic experiments, Stroop first compared reading a list of words printed in black with reading the same list of words printed in incongruent colors. Stroop found that there was little difference in reading time for the two lists. Stroop then compared the naming of colors for a list of solid color squares with the naming of colors for a list of words printed in incongruent colors”(Backround). Finally make sure that the test subjects are not distracted by music or peer pressure to go faster. If this research was pursued further, then the question might be changed to ask if the Stroop Effect has a different effect on different age groups. This question came in the research of this topic. It says that “However, the older group continued to show a larger interference effect throughout practice. These findings indicate that older adults show the same trend in practice-related improvement on the Stroop task as younger adults”(Davidson).
Edited by Raymond J. Corsini. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Second Edition, Volume 3. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Certain perceptual phenomena such as color afterimages cannot be explained by the trichromatic theory. Ewald Hering proposed in the late 19th century the opponent process theory, stating that some color combinations such as reddish-green or yellowish-blue cannot be seen by humans (Hurvich, & Jameson, 1960). Opponent-process theory suggests that color perception is controlled by three opponent systems; a blue-yellow, a red-green, and black-white mechanism. This is mediated by a process of excitatory and inhibitory responses, with the components of each mechanism opposing each other. Opponent theory can explain phenomena such as negative afterimages, where photoreceptors are overstimulated to a specific color and lose sensitivity to it. Staring