The ratio of stroke mortality rate is 60% in women and 40% in men. Despite the fourth leading cause of death, the rates have been decreasing since the year of 2000. The ASA also stated the rates are falling from 60 per every 100,000 instances of strokes in the year 2000 to a mortality rate of 40 for every 100,000 stroke victims in the year 2010. There’s 66% of hospitalized elderly individuals that are affected by a stroke, which many are able to recover functional independence over time, but 25% are left with a minor disability and 40% experience moderate to severe disabilities. Stroke patients are scored on several functions in order to help predict and determine how severe the symptoms are. The predictions are describes in the prognosis section that follows: The healthcare professionals evaluate the severity of a stroke and recovery prognosis on the National Institute of Health’s stroke scale, this scale takes eleven factors into account to “score” the prognosis. The eleven factors that determine the long term prognosis are: consciousness, field of vision, facial movement, motor function of the extremities, coordination, loss of senses, language problems, ability to speak clearly or even if the patient can speak or able to find words to verbalize thoughts, and their attention span
According to the World Health Organization, 795,000 Americans suffer a stroke each year and of the survivors, twenty-five to forty percent will acquire aphasia. The National Aphasia Association defines aphasia as “an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write.” Many of these people suffering from aphasia will undergo therapy at some point in time. Several approaches have been proven effective in lessening the symptoms of aphasia. A recent topic of interest over the last two decades has been the role that intensity plays in aphasia therapy. Several studies have been done to evaluate language outcomes for patients undergoing intensive versus non-intensive aphasia therapy, as well as to identify the specific intensive therapies that are effective. One such type of therapy is the Constraint-Induced Language Therapy (CILT). Another topic of interest in the aphasia community is regarding the “window of recovery” for those suffering from aphasia. It was commonly believed that language recovery from aphasia plateaus off within the first year following a stroke (Pedersen et al., 1995); however, new evidence suggests that when an intensive therapy such as CILT is implemented, results can be seen many years later. The present paper will investigate the role that intensity plays in aphasia therapy, take a closer look at CILT versus other approaches, and evaluate current research regarding the “window of recovery” in patients with aphasia.
Hegde, M. N. (2001). Pocketguide to treatment in speech-language pathology. (2nd ed., pp. 193-203). San Diego, CA: Singular Thomson Learning.
Stroke also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), or a brain attack. A brain attack is the loss of brain function by the cause of disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This disturbance occurs due to either one of two causes which are ischemia (lack of blood flow) or a hemorrhage (high increase of blood flow directly into brain; parenchyma or into the subarachnoid space which surrounds the brain with tissue). Ischemia is a formation by a blood clot that is inside of a blood vessel located in the circulatory system called thrombosis or arterial embolism; which is a rapid interruption in the supply of blood flow to an organ or body part due to a clogged artery blocking the blood flow. Thrombosis is a medical condition where the brain experiences a dearth supply of blood and oxygen to the organ called Cerebral Hypoperfusion. The result of a unsupervised stoke can cause permanent neurological damage or even death. Some possible risk factors for stoke are old age, previous stoke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol and high blood pressure which is the most common risk factor of stroke. The four types of stroke are Ischemic Stroke, Transient Ischemic Stroke (TIA or minor-stroke), Hemorrhagic Stroke, and Paediatric Stroke. A stroke usually is attached to the brain, one of our most complex organs in our body that consists of 100 billion specialized nerve cells called neurons. Neurons in our body feed off on oxygen and nutrients in the blood. When one has a stroke the functions affected rely on the amount and cause of damage present. Damages of the brain subsequently vary from one individual to another. Parts effected by a stroke depend of the area of the brain damage...
Mr. Fix-it is a 59 year old man with a history of alcohol abuse and diabetic hypertension. Mr. Fix-it has been currently experiencing symptoms such as: rambling speech, poor short-term memory, weakness on the left side of his body, neglects both visual and auditory stimuli to his left side, difficulty with rapid visual scanning, difficulty with complex visual, perceptual and constructional tasks, unable to recall nonverbal materials, and mild articulatory problems. The diagnosis for Mr. Fix-it’s problem is most likely a right-hemisphere stroke. A right-hemisphere stroke is occurs when a blood clot blocks a vessel in the brain, or when there is a torn vessel bleeding into the brain. “A right-hemisphere stroke is common in adults who have diabetes and who are over the age of 55”, similar to Mr. Fix-it (Kluwer, 2012). In addition, Mr. Fix-it has a history of alcohol abuse in which it could have also increased his chances of experiencing a right-hemisphere stroke.
`There are two types of treatment options for aphasia, speech and language therapy. Some people with Aphasia do not completely regain their communication skills they had before the disorder. With speech and language therapy it can help the patient improved their language skills by relearning them, It can help better use of the residual language ability, It also can give the patient the ability to communicate in a different way, making up for missing words in speech.
Stroke is a clinical syndrome produced by acute interruption of the normal blood flow to an area of the brain. This then causes the brain to lose important nutrients as well as oxygen which will prevent it to keep functioning up to par. This is a consequence from a thrombosis, intracranial hemorrhage, or embolism, which causes vascular insufficiency. The outcome is persistent dysfunction related to the affected structures. There are many ways that strokes may occur, they can be cardiogenic or hemorrhagic. Stroke can happen at any age from the youth to the elderly. In most cases it occurs suddenly and could take from five to seven days to completely affect the person. If not treated or found on early onset, stroke can not only cause extreme harm but can also be fatal. Some people recover fully, while others only recover to some extent. Each year people in America die from a stroke or are seriously disabled. Although most cases are preventable, Stroke is still the 3rd leading cause of death in the United States.
There are many causes of strokes and risk factors that can increase likelihood of stroke. Causes include conditions such as atherosclerosis, also known as plaque build...
Strokes are not only the leading cause of mentally disabling adults, but they are also the third most common reason for deaths worldwide (Jarvis, 2012). In general, a stroke, also called a “cerebrovascular accident,” occurs when blood flow of the vascular system is blocked from reaching parts of the brain (Jarvis, 2012). There are two types of stroke, an ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke, and they differ in the way they affect the vascular system. An ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes, and it is due to a thrombus or embolus blocking blood vessels supplying the brain (Durukan & Tatlisumak, 2007). A hemorrhagic stroke is less common, but is caused by the rupturing of a blood vessel in the brain and causes bleeding (Jarvis, 2012).
When talking about Wernicke’s aphasia there are also many language symptoms. Those suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia have no problem with speech, but their speech isn’t fluent and doesn’t make sense (DiNapoli, 2012, p.52). Mr. Gorgan experienced psychotic speech (DiNapoli, 2012, p. 53). If the lesion that caused this aphasia wasn’t entirely eliminated, output might slowly improve. On the other hand, if this lesion has been eliminated, the patient will more than likely not be able to talk like they once did ever again, no matter how much therapy they receive or treatment (DiNapoli, 2012, p. 54). When Grogan was told to identify objects around him, he was only successful with those most familiar to him (DiNapoli, 2012, p. 55).
Strokes are the most common cause of disability and leading cause of death in the United States. Estimates of the number of stroke survivors in the United States exceed 3 million, and nearly 150,000 Americans died from stroke in 1995. The frequency with which strokes occur and the devastating effects they can have on survivors and their families make provision of general information about prevention and management an essential element of public health education. Previous researchers have found that between 14% and 40% of adults cannot name a single risk factor associated with stroke. This is reason for concern among the medical community.
To begin with, strokes occur when the blood supply to your brain is interrupted or reduced. Without blood moving to and from your brain, this deprives the brain tissue of needed oxygen. Shockingly, within a few minutes, brain cells begin to die (Mayo Clinic). Strokes are the leading cause of disability in the U.S and are ranked number four in the leading causes of death. The exact definition of a stroke, also known as Cerebrovascular Accident or CVA, is a “sudden disruption of the central nervous system in which the flow of blood to the brain is stopped due to a blood clot” (Disability Denials). Not only are the strokes traumatizing enough, there are over fourmillion victims that were left disabled after their stroke .
...of brain activity or imparment in the body. these imparments include loss of movement and sensation, speech and language, eating and swallowing, vision, cognitive thinking, bowel and bladder controle, motional control, and sexual ability. some strokes can also result in a coma or vegitative state. these losses in ability are detramental to both patients and there families. there is a high rate for suicide in patients who have suffered a stroke and have losses in ability. patients experience feelings of helplessness, frustration, depression, mood changes and a diminished sex drive cause patients to not heal as well as they could and makes everyday life seem unbearable. paitents self esteem and hope is crucial to there recovery. there are support groups for both families and patiens along with physical therapy to help patients resume the lifestyle they had before.
If brain cells die or are damaged because of a stroke, symptoms of that damage start to show in the parts of the body controlled by those brain cells.
To solve the argument about the relationship between arcuate fasciculus and conduction aphasia, more research into the brain activity of individuals with and without symptoms of conduction aphasia should be conducted, so that we could have a clearer understanding about the mechanism of how different areas of the brain are related to speech repetition problems. In fact, studies using FMRI have found that certain population have Broca’s and Wernicke’s located in different hemisphere of their brain (Bernal & Ardila, 2009). For these subjects, their Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are inherently dissociated. However, no problems in speech repetition have been reported in these individuals. In addition, Kempler and his colleagues (1988) used FMRI to