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Leadership theories/approaches have gradually evolved overtime. The initial theories began with the traits theory and progressed toward behavior, situational, adaptive, authentic, appreciative, transformational, transactional, servant, shared collective or distributive, and leader-member exchange. Leadership is a challenging and multifaceted process dependent upon numerous aspects such as, situation, personality and relationship of leader and follower, skills and knowledge, environment, and organizational and personal goals. The purpose of this paper is to discuss two specific approaches of leadership: distributive leadership and leader-member exchange, strengths and weakness of each approach, examples of approach dependent upon certain situations, …show more content…
Employee engagement is recognized as an important component to affect organizational effectiveness (Kataria, Garg, & Rastogi, 2013). Additional strengths include enhanced organizational growth and transformation, enriched advancements, boosts creativity, and competitive maintenance of various generational age groups (Muijs, 2011; Rose & Gordon, 2015). Weaknesses include internal competition amongst the team members, making final decisions may be drawn out, and less focus on individual leadership …show more content…
Research by Mcandrews, Kunreuther, & Bronznick (2011), identified most for-profit organizations utilizing the traditional single leader approach; whereas more nonprofit organizations using a distributive leadership approach. The nonprofit sectors were more innovative and open to a collaborative approach to leadership. Casimir, Ngee, Yuan Wang, & Ooi (2014) researched the leader-member exchange theory and it’s the effects of differing cultures: Chinese and Western management styles. The continuous evolution and rapid developing economies world-wide creates the need for a more modernized leadership style and generational relevant methods. The conclusion indicated that despite the different cultures, leader-member exchange approach showed an increased organizational commitment and improved workplace
Leadership is a communication process of a leader and individuals in which the leaders behavior or attitude directs individuals towards any goal effectively. It is widely believed that leadership creates the vital link between organizational effectiveness and people’s performance at an organizational level (Avolio, 1999; McGrath and MacMillan, 2000). The effectiveness of an organization depends upon the leader having an effective leadership style in order to effectively reach the goal of the organization; with it being one of the key driving forces for improving a firm’s performance. Scholars suggest that effective leadership behaviors can facilitate the improvement of performance when organizations face problems (McGrath and MacMillan, 2000). To effectively achieve leadership of individuals and organizational outcomes, four theories can be used; Fiedler’s Contingency Model, Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model, Vroom & Yetton Participative Leadership Model, and House & Dessler Path-Goal Theory.
Systematic research on leadership began in the early 1930s (House & Aditya, 1997). Researchers were interested in identifying leadership traits that might differentiate leaders from non-leaders. Despite of devoting so much effort to this area, only a few leader traits were found to be positively related to leadership effectiveness such as intelligence and Self-confidence.(Mann, 1959).After this leadership researchers turned their attention to leaders’ behavior. Two types of leadership behavior were identified in different studies (1) Initiating structure that includes task related behaviors such as organizing work, defining role responsibilities, and setting up work activities. (2) Consideration includes relationship oriented behaviors such as building trust, respect, and liking between leaders and followers. The University of Michigan group also identified two types of leadership behaviours. (1)Production orientation means that how much leader is concerned with achieving organizational goals and tasks and (2) employee orientation means that how much followers’ needs are important to leader (House & Aditya, 1997). (Song Heyi and Mao Na Guo Dan, 2007) inspect the relationship between the traits and the performance of the leader in different organizational cultures and found that in today’s dynamic world the negative traits are directly related to the performance, leaders play significant role in every organization. As the competition between the service oriented organizations is very high and continuous change is needed here and growth of these organizations where the only possibility to survive successfully is due to the effective and productive leadership. Leadership is process of social interaction where leaders try...
The behavioral approaches of leadership are consisted of four parts and they are: task-oriented, relational-oriented, change-oriented, and passive behaviors leadership (Derure, 2011). Task-oriented is divided into four part and they are: initiating structure, contingent reward, management by exception-active, boundary spanning, and directive (Derure, 2011). The initiating structure of task-oriented can be built of group members, coordinating group, and determining standard of task performance to ensure that the task is perform (Derure, 2011).The transactional leader can be referred to the contingent reward because it is made clear to leader what task to perform and the rewards for meeting those expectations (Derure,
‘Leadership’ and ‘Management’ are two commonly using words in nowadays organizations. The essential and integral part of productive management is leadership. Effective leadership is crucial to an organization’s success. Leaders can take a quantity of different steps to help keep projects from failing. The main and highly important focus of the leader is to make things happen. According to Griffin (2008), ‘Leadership, as a process, the use of non coercive influence to shape the group’s or organization’s goals, motivate behaviour toward the achievement of those goals, and help define group or organizational culture; as a property, the set of characteristics attributed to individuals who are perceived to be leaders’. Equally as management, that
Many organizational theorists concur that existence of effective leadership is one of the important contributors to the overall organizational success. Leadership is defined as “a process of social influence by which an individual enlists the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a task or mission" (Chemers, 1997). According to Stogdill (1957) he defined leadership as the individual behaviour to which guides a group to the achievement of a common objective. Lee and Chuang (2009) explained an excellent leader does not only inspires subordinates’ potential but enhance efficiency to meet their objective in the achievement of organizational goals. Chen (2009) collaborates with these statements by considering that leadership is as process in which various behavioural approaches are used to guide employees to a shared goal. In the process the leader influences the organization members through a series of interpersonal interactions in which they seek to inspire the organizational members towards attaining organizational goals. Fry (2003) explains leadership to be the use of a leading strategy which
Rich, B., Lepine, J., & Crawford, E. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy Of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
From corporations to nonprofits and higher education institutions, leaders – the cornerstone and foundation of organizations – are ultimately responsible for its success. Nonetheless, leadership, often described as complex, can mean different things to different people. Given no standard approach to leadership exists, scholars focus on the process of leadership as opposed to the definition (Northouse, 2013). As a process, leadership is not simply possessing formal authority, traits, or attributes. Quite the reverse, leadership is primarily a relationship – engagement and interactive exchange – between leaders and followers (Morrill, 2007; Northouse, 2013). Effective leadership, commonly regarded as both a learned skill and innate ability, is
The Leader-Member Exchange Theory, or LMX, is a two-way relationship between management/supervisors and their employees/subordinates. The theory assumes that leaders use different management styles, leadership styles, and behaviors with each individual subordinate or group of subordinates. The exchange between supervisors and subordinates will be inconsistent between each individual member of the group. A supervisor may be very kind and supportive to one employee/group and be very critical and unresponsive to another employee/group. Due to this type of interaction, the LMX theory suggests that leaders classify subordinates into two groups, the in-group members and the out-group members (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, & Konopaske, 2012, p. 334).
Discuss the role of leadership and how it can impact organizational performance. The role of leadership is the most important part of an organization. Leadership is having the ability to influence people to trust, believe and follow the vision. There are several different types of leadership styles such as transactional, leader- member exchange, and authentic to name a few. Transactional leadership appeal to an employee’s self-interest which involves motivation in some way to get the employee to do what is needed. This leader mostly deals with employees achieving a goal, then being rewarded for accomplishments. “Leader-member exchange suggests that leaders develop different relationships with each of their subordinates through a series of work-related transactions.” (Hellriegel and Slocum, 2011, p.323) This leadership is a type of bonding between leader and employee or obligation to each other. Authentic leadership deals with a person’s knowledge of self, their beliefs, values, and acting on a clear faith system through honesty and communication with employees. This leadership is more personal than the others because it pulls from an individuals’ personal belief value system.
Leadership has been defined in different ways, a definitaion of leadership that would be most commonly accepted would be “the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organization…”(House et al., 1999, p. 184 as cited in Yukl, 2013, p. 19). After a comprehensive review of different leadership literature, Stogdill (1974, p. 259, as cited in Yukl, 2013, p. 18) concluded that “There are almost as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept." Leadership can be viewed from two different angles one is shared influence process and other as a specialized role. Researcher who view leadership as a specialized role consider attributes as a factor in selecting a designated leader. On the contrast, theorist who emphasises on influence process considers “Leadership” as a social process or a pattern of relationship.
”Leadership involves the exhibition of style or behavior by managers or supervisors while dealing with subordinates; leadership is a critical determinant of the employees ' actions toward the achievement of the organizational goals” (Saeed, Almas, Anis-ul-Haq, & Niazi, 2014). Leadership is a strength that initiates, inspires, and guides the cooperation and attitudes of others on the way to set vision. Leadership is influential and involves several styles of approaches that involve trust, accomplishment and focus to reach a projected result. Using and implementing the ideas of others motivates new thinking and gains the confidence to build the trust and encourage everyone to work to the same goals (Northouse,
Leadership Theories and Studies. (2009). In Encyclopedia of Management. Retrieved July 20, 2011 from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3273100155.html
There are different leadership theories developed throughout the history. Most popular ones are trait theories, behavioral theories, contingency theories, and leader-member exchange (LMX) theory. The author of the post will briefly discuss two theories, Fiedler contingency theory and Leader-Member Exchange (LMX), and compare and contrast their strengths and weakness.
Northouse, P. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
theory can be juxtaposed with the Transformational Leadership Model to reiterate the foundational behaviors associated with effectual leadership. According to a study on the Transformational Leadership Model, four distinct behavior categories are attributed to leadership. These four basic characteristics that create the conceptual framework are the Vision Builder, Standard Bearer, Integrator, and Developer. A Vision-Builder is similar to the previously mentioned Communication component. This leader builds a vision and communicates it clearly by establishing specific, achievable goals and shaping how they will be accomplished. A Standard Bearer can be compared to the Advisory role, where a leader adopts a code of ethics and maintains moral standards. This role inspires others and creates an environment where individuals hold this leaders opinions and recommendations in high-regard. The Integrator is related to the Opportunity component, where leaders can identify opportunities and combine resources to achieve organizational goals through aligning the individuals that they are responsible for to be the most productive. Lastly, the Developer is similar to the Talent component. This leadership behavior fosters individual and collective growth through training others and maximizing talents to facilitate a high performance environment. (Bottomley, K., Burgess, S., & Fox III, M.,