Stream gauging is the technique to measure a river discharge. Stream gauging can be divided into several methods; Pitot Tube method, Float Gauging method, Volumetric method, Velocity-Area method and Slope-Area method (Deakin, 2004). In this chapter, all the methods will be explained in details.
Pitot Tube Method
Pitot tube method is named after a French Hydraulic engineer, Henri Pitot as he invented the Pitot tube which is consists of a bent glass tube. Pitot used this method in the River Seine to measure the velocities of stream flow (illustrated in Figure 1.0). Figure 2.0: Pitot Tube
Source: http://user.gs.rmit.edu.au/rod/files/publications/Stream.pdf
The figure above shows that one end of the tube is immersed in the stream at depth H and the water rises up the tube until all its kinetic energy is converted into potential energy; a height h above the surface of the stream. As Bernoulli's law stated that
V=√2gh
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This is the simplest method in measuring the stream velocity. The surface velocity at any section may be measured by a single surface float but velocity may be affected by wind and air resistance (Lewitt, Stream Discharge Measurement, 1961).
Figure 2.1: The float method for velocity determination
Source: https://www.utdallas.edu/~brikowi/Teaching/Field_Methods/Gauging_Background.html
In the figure above, the cross section of the stream is divided into three channels. Then, a starting and finishing line is set at a certain distance; this is to specify the area and the time taken for the object to float. The object is then placed at the surface of the river, and let it float at particular cross section. The product of the time taken and the area of the cross section will result in the velocity of the stream
Exploring the Channel Characteristics of the River Chess The aim of this investigation is to explore the channel
Schilt, C. R. (2007). Developing fish passage and protection at hydropower dams. Applied Animal Behaviour Scence, 104, 295-325.
To measure the depth of the river we had to get two ranging poles and
the cool water in the stream at the bottom of the lowest holler or any thing in
A river or “stream, ribbons of water confined to channels, or troughs, cut into the land,” (Marshak, 2009) is formed from a drainage network or “the array of interconnecting streams” that form tributaries. (Marshak, 2009). The amount of water that flows down a stream is its discharge. The discharge measurement takes the width and depths or cross sectional area of a river as well as the downstream velocity to get a numeric value for amount of water moving down stream. (Marshak, 2009)
tube drops freely because there is nothing to hold it up or to resist its fall.
6. A small stream flowing at a rate of 8 liters per second has a vertical drop of 1.5 m. What is the maximum power that you can obtain from this stream? (1 liter of water has a mass of 1 kg).
had in algebra class? Where water is entering a container at a certain rate and leaving at a
Dams operate by using water as its main source of power. They produce power from fast volumes of moving water that turns a generator. This falling water at one gallon of water per second, can create one kilowatt of electrical power if it falls one hundred feed. When water behind a dam is released, it runs through a pipe called a penstock, which then delivers it to the turbine. Different shapes are used on these turbines, but are generally created to harness kinetic force of the moving water as well as the water pressure.
water in the potato, then the water will go out of the potato and into
For each stream reach four cross sections were also sampled. At each cross section the samplers performed a heel to toe test to check the consistency of the streams substrate. This test is performed by walking heel to toe accros the creek and picking up everything under the samplers toes. The results of the substrate were averaged by using a code silt=1, sand=2, gravel=3, cobble=4, and boulder=5. The samplers measured the width of the creek and the ordinary high water mark (OHWM). The samplers determined the amount of shade on the creek at each cross section.
These facilities are: impounded, diversion, and pumped storage. Some of these facilities use dams and some don’t.
General uncertainty – the quality of the readings of most instruments decreases over time due to any number of environmental and internal factors, as frequent calibration is necessary. When several consecutive incorrect readings are taken for a liquid of known specific density, it is clear that the hydrometer is out of
Fluid mechanics is a very wide field which is used in almost in every field. In this field the macroscopic motion of fluids is studied under the action of laws of classical mechanics. For scientist who tries to invent new things every time fluid mechanics gives them a good opportunity to make technical things. These can be used in aircraft designing’s, automobile engineering to rocket science. Advances in computer technology and algorithms have opened thi...
Hydroelectric power seizes the buoyancy released from descending water. Two thousand years ago, Ancient Greeks utilized wooden water wheels to convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy because that’s all they had back then. However, in 1882, the first hydroelectric power plant was constructed in the United States using a fast flowing river. During that time, humans began to build dams to reserve water at the most suitable places or areas in order to best apply the power capacity. Engineering and structural changes have been increased in designing a more efficient hydroelectric power plant, but in order for that to happen they had to go through a very difficult process which can cause much conflict. (http://www.ems.psu.edu/~elsworth/courses/cause2003/finalprojects/vikingpaper.pdf)