The precise and depictive accumulation of a stream flow data is vital in illustrating the water resources of a region. Hydrometric gauging stations are locations containing tools and equipment used to calculate the flow of water in rivers, lakes, canals and streams. The aim of this assignment is to develop my understanding of stream power and specific stream power through my individual critical assessment of the class stream power exercise results. Stream power is a criterion that measures the amount of energy diffusion against river or stream bank. Specific stream power is the criterion that measures stream power per unit area of the river or stream channel. The stream power and specific stream power calculations were applied on the rivers of Ireland.
The use of stream power varies in several analyses and it relies upon the type of discharge used in calculating the stream power. It could be a discharge reaching its peak during a flood event or it could be the highest discharge with periodic frequencies of reoccurrence. To effectively describe the river bed, the most powerful discharge; bank full discharge should be taken into account.
Methods
In order to calculate the discharge, the mean annual discharge is used instead of the bank full discharge as the mean annual discharge is easier to obtain from data sources. Then a particular hydrometric gauging station is selected from the OPW's hydro data site http://www.opw.ie/hydro/ which provides the station name, station number, watercourse, national grid reference, catchment area, catchment and mean annual discharge.
In order to determine the water surface slope between the upstream and the downstream, the height difference between them and the distance along the channel o...
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...with braided river channels.
It is renowned that discharge represents the primary active dynamic force in the modelling of a riverbed. On this basis, we can tender the conclusion that the vertical alterations of the riverbed height are strongly affected by the diverse types of discharge that crosses the section of the river. A high discharge brought about by a flood event influences a powerful erosional level, the expansion of the depth of the riverbed elevation and a small discharge should aid the sediment concentration in the riverbed elevation, hence the rise in the height of land as a result of sediment deposition.
The larger the river, the smaller the values of the specific stream power which is possibly due to a higher riverbed form obstruction that consumes a large amount of energy to the disadvantage of that accessible to transfer and move the bed load.
A major flood on any river is both a long-term and a short-term event, particularly any river basin where human influence has exerted "control" over the ri...
Allow land close to the river to be used for economic gain · Concrete levees are a barrier to the river draining away naturally · Expensive to build & repair · Restrict access to the river Channel straightening Straight channel is cut between two necks of a meander -shortens river. · Shortens river - cuts transport costs · Controls the flow of the river more closely · Evidence now suggests that river Mississippi too powerful - re-cut back to original meander course breaking away from artificial channel. Wing Dikes Structures built out into river to force faster current to midstream.
The United States after the Civil War was still not an entirely safe place for African-Americans, especially in the South. Many of the freedoms other Americans got to enjoy were still largely limited to African-Americans at the time. At the beginning of the 20th Century, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois emerged as black leaders. Their respective visions for African-American society were different however. This paper will argue that Du Bois’s vision for American, although more radical at the time, was essential in the rise of the African-American society and a precursor to the Civil Rights Movement.
The strength of Pan-Africanism, at its height, came from its numbers — the support from the black community was extremely high. What drew this overwhelming support was the message of self-worth and a chance of self-identity throughout the African diaspora. Dubois and Garvey both held and promoted the belief that, as an alienated citizen in Ameri...
"Step 1. Characterizations of the Watershed." Forest Service: 17 pars. Viewed 7 Nov. 2002. <http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/psicc/spl/south_platte_web/step_1.htm>.
The writings of Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey, and W.E.B. Du Bois postulate a formula for the advancement of African Americans. Each formula can be traced to its advocate’s respective life experience. While their individual formulas differ in the initial priorities and the necessary steps described, when viewed collectively as points in a progression, those points at times intersect and then diverge, and at other times they are divergent and then intersect.
Though each article has its differences in style, perspective, and concerns, all three reinforce the idea that race relations in the 1930s and 1940s, especially in the South, were in dire need of work. Whether the issue was how African Americans were viewed, treated, or thought of in American life, the main point that seems to come through in each author’s work is that on the whole, things needed to change from the prejudiced and stereotypical behaviors of southern America and, to a greater extent, the country as a whole. Race relations were not a high point in history, and it is a shame things did not get better sooner than they did. Du Bois, Wright, and Myrdal showed the state of the world after the Reconstruction era and before the Civil Rights movement, which was harsh and controversial yet had a big impact on American life and American history.
Because watersheds are specified by natural hydrology they represent the most logical basis for managing water resources. The resource becomes the center point and managers are able to gain a more complete understanding of overall conditions in an area
Dams operate by using water as its main source of power. They produce power from fast volumes of moving water that turns a generator. This falling water at one gallon of water per second, can create one kilowatt of electrical power if it falls one hundred feed. When water behind a dam is released, it runs through a pipe called a penstock, which then delivers it to the turbine. Different shapes are used on these turbines, but are generally created to harness kinetic force of the moving water as well as the water pressure.
The beginning of the early twentieth century saw the rise of two important men into the realm of black pride and the start of what would later become the movement towards civil rights. Both Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois influenced these two aforementioned movements, but the question is, to what extent?
The 1920’s were a period of struggle for African-Americans. Slavery was abolished, but blacks were still oppressed and were in no way equal to whites. However, at this time blacks were starting to make some progress toward racial equality. The Harlem renaissance started the first real sense of African-American culture through art, jazz, dance, and literature. There was also at this time the beginning of strong African-American movements to further the black race. A prominent movement was led by W.E.B Dubois that focused on educating blacks to create equality. On the other end of the political spectrum was Marcus Garvey, who led the movement for blacks to unite as a race against oppression. Marcus Garvey’s background had a strong impact on his beliefs, which acted as a catalyst for his life’s work. Garvey’s involvement had a strong influence on the black population and the African-American civil rights movement of the 1920’s.
Hydropower makes up 90 percent of the United States’ energy from a renewable source. It is the nation’s largest renewable resource. People have built dams since ancient times to control the water. Waterwheels have been used for centuries to help people with their everyday needs, and now they can be used to produce electricity. Many large dams worldwide have turbines (modern day waterwheels), which produce large amounts of energy. These dams account for 40 percent of all energy produced by hydropower (Nersesian, 290).
Next, hydro-electricity is electricity produced by moving water, flowing past a turbine connected to a generator (“Hydropower”). According to Nationalgeographic.c...
"The Future of Hydropower." Macalester College: Private Liberal Arts College. Web. 03 Oct. 2011. .
Hydroelectric Power Plant is when electricity is generated when water in an uphill reservoir flows downhill. The gravitational potential energy of the water changes to kinetic energy of the flowing water which drives the turbines to generate electricity. The efficiency is more than 90%. The environmental impact is Floods large area and affects the ecology of the area, May cause drought downstream if not managed properly, does not cause ai...