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historical development of strategic management
the fall and rise of strategic planning synopsis
historical development of strategic management
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The history of strategic planning begins in the military. According to Webster's New World Dictionary, strategy is "the science of planning and directing large-scale military operations, of maneuvering forces into the most advantageous position prior to actual engagement with the enemy" (Guralnic, 1986). Although our understanding of strategy and applying strategic planning in management has been transformed from a point of military maneuvering to one that aim’s to achieve and gives a structured framework to reach a competitive advantage.
Taking its name and roots from the military model, early models of formal strategic planning "reflected the hierarchical values and linear systems of traditional organizations. Undertaken by planning functions at the top of the organization, its structure was highly vertical and time-bound. A certain period would be set aside to analyze the situation and decide on a course of action. This would result in a formal document. Once this was done, the actual work of implementation, which was considered a separate, discrete process - could begin" (Wall & Wall, 1995).
Although individual definitions of strategy vary between each author, traditionally, theorists have considered planning an essential part of organizational strategy. “Strategic planning in organizations originated in the 1950s and was very popular and widespread between mid-1960s to mid-1970s, when people believed it was the answer for all problems, and corporate America was obsessed with strategic planning. Following that boom strategic planning had fallen off and was cast aside for over a decade. The 1990s brought the revival of strategic planning as a process with particular benefits in particular contexts” (Mintzberg, 1994).
In Here is a brief account of several generations of strategic planning. “ Analysis model dominated strategic planning of the 1950s. The 1960s brought qualitative and quantitative models of strategy. During the early 1980s, the shareholder value model and the Porter model became the standard. The rest of the 1980s was dictated by strategic intent and core competencies, and market-focused organizations. Finally, business transformation became a requirement in the 1990s” (Gouillart, 1995).
Newer models of strategic planning were f...
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...s, and action steps to address identified issues.
However, having noted some of the benefits that strategic planning can produce, it is important to note that it is not a cure-all. Strategic planning is a time-consuming, labor-intensive process that is not for every organization. It is simply a tool that can be used to help a committed entity work toward becoming more effective. Strategic planning should never be considered an end in itself or a one-time deal. It is not simply a written document that details the activities and results of the planning process. It is also more than the process of analyzing, strategizing, implementing, and benchmarking. No planning process, strategic or otherwise, can succeed without the commitment of key stakeholders and organizational leaders. Strategic planning, to be truly effective, means organizational staff or community residents must think and act strategically each day. Through such daily strategic thinking and acting, "planning" and "process" can be transformed into individual and collective strategic actions that enhance organizational value and effectiveness. This is what makes the strategic planning process valuable.
At some point it becomes necessary for an organization to undergo changes. If embracing change is truly one of the organizations core beliefs than efforts should be taken to make the necessary transition. A strategic planning structure allows the organization to stay focused on plans, yet be flexible and adaptive and, therefore, able to deal with change effectively (Galbraith, et al., 2001, pg. 38).”
Strategic Planning—the process of developing a plan to achieve organizational purpose—is a management tool used to focus a workforce’s energy. Strategic planning ensures that the workforce achieves an organization’s mission. It is used by large organizations to increase the chances for long-term growth and profitability (Auka, 2016). Lockheed Martin’s strategy is well-aligned with the organization’s mission, vision, and values, reviewed carefully by a well-qualified team, and regularly measured against the appropriate objectives. This has positioned the corporation for success.
Strategic planning is defined as "an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resour...
The strategy which leaders employ is a beneficial tool to reach the organization’s goals. A strategy is similar to a game plan. A strategy is an action plan created to achieve goals or a vision (Jovanov...
Some groups of people, or inspired leaders, have a natural ability to respond quickly and effectively to new challenges and opportunities, making strategic planning superfluous. However, for most organizations and most organization members, strategic planning provides a powerful framework. Developing a strategic plan can be expensive, especially in terms of personnel time and energy. This cost must be considered in relation to the expected benefits. For some organizations or units within an organization, strategic planning is a burden imposed by a higher authority - a funding source or an umbrella organization. If there is no internal commitment to the plan, and no intent to implement it, strategic planning is a waste of time and energy. In sum, strategic planning is for those who are willing to be honest, who want to focus on revitalization, and who are committed to influencing and creating their future.
Goodstein, L., Nolan, T. and Pfeiffer, J. W., 1993. Applied Strategic Planning: How to Develop a Plan that Really Works. New York: McGraw-Hill.
The definition of strategy has been given by many theorists. The most approve one for personal is stated by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington: “Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations.” (Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington, 2008) For
Strategic management is viewed as the set of decisions and actions that result in the formulation, implementation and control of plans designed to achieve an organization’s vision, mission, strategy and strategic objectives within the business environment in which it operates (Pearce and Robinson, 2007). Strategy formulation has for the past decades been widely regarded as the most important component of the strategic process – more important than strategy implementation or strategic control. Nonetheless, strategic planning has taken on new importance in today’s world of globalization, deregulation, advancing technology, and changing demographics, and lifestyles. At the same time, there is also discussion whether we can separate “execution” and “implementation” from strategy formulation. Roger Martin, a professor and author, has joined the discussion and argue
The American management scientist Joey Ross says a organization without strategy is like a ship without rudder. All its activities are calf round. Corporate strategy, defined by Michael E. Raynor, is a long-term plan of an company that aimed at creating and capturing its value in a specific product market. Vision and mission are two significant parts of the strategy. In short, the vision can be defined as “How to formulate a corporate strategy” and the mission can be defined as “How to implement that corporate strategy”. According to Tim Hannagan, corporate strategy is concerned with the range of a company’s activities in terms of whether this company focus on one part of the business activity or whether it concentrates on many. For example, Tesco, as a food retailer, it mainly sales food and sometimes clothes as well. However, recently Tesco moves into financial services. Moreover, strategy is concerned as a “bridge” or a tool. It matches the resources and the company’s capabilities to itself and finds out the possible opportunities to achieve the business goal. Therefore, Tim Hannagan regards corporate strategy as a strategic planning, “which is concerned with establishing a competitive advantage, sustainable over time, not simply by tactical manoeuvring but by taking an overall long-term perspective which directly influence line management”. Corporate strategy is based the current situation of the company and influence the company’s future. This essay will critically analyse the advantages of developing an effective corporate strategy in 2014 in terms of enterprise resource management, market share and manufacturing capacity. Competitive advantage also takes a significant part in this...
Strategic Planning is looking at where you are now, knowing where you want to be in the future and planning the steps to get you there.
Strategic planning is the continuous and systematic process of guiding members of an organization to make decisions about its future, develop the necessary procedures and operations to achieve that future, and determine how success will be achieved.
A strategic plan is a tool that delivers guidance in achieving a mission or goal with maximum proficiency and control for an organization. Strategic planning is used to transform and revitalize organizations. The plan helps provide an inclusive understanding of opportunities and challenges both internally and externally for the organization. The plan delivers an assessment of the strengths and limitations that are realistic within the company. A well-developed strategic plan will offer a comprehensive approach and empowerment for the stakeholders involved. It is an opportunity for learning and understanding priorities that will drive the business to succeed. Jones (2010), describes how in health care organizations, strategic plans characteristically concentrate on operational and organizational goals such as when to obtain new technology, how to meet competitive challenges, and what staffing, tools, or facilities are needed to ensure organizational survival. The mission and value statements are significant in determining the quality of a strategic initiative. Forcing the organization to look toward the future creates proactive objectives in which both short-term and long-terms plans and goals are necessary in order to succeed.
If asked what strategic planning is one could interpret it as simply a road map that can guide the organization in the right direction. It is very unlikely that an organization would know which direction to take without a sense of direction. Managers are faced every day with decisions that have a major impact on the direction the organization must take, therefore, strategic planning can play an important role in guiding managers in the right direction. In other words strategic planning is a tool that management can use to give them a sense of direction that will guide them in doing a better job and to ensure that all the members of the organization are working toward the same goals
Strategic planning is an organizational process in which it looks towards developing and sustaining success or balance in its ever changing environment.
There are different types of strategic planning that are currently in use, since this is a widely debated area of management. However, it is concluded that there are two main schools of thought, the prescriptive approach or the emergent approach (Lynch, 2012). As defined by Lynch, (2012) prescriptive strategic planning is the term given to a strategy whereby the objective of the strategy is defined in advance and the main elements are designed and develop...