Title: Strategic IPO underpricing: The UK evidence
Introduction:
IPO is a method for companies to raise expansion capital, however, it is also used by insiders as a tool to maximise their personal wealth. According to the theory developed by Aggarwal et al. (2002), managers underprice IPOs on purpose to raise higher profit from selling stocks at the expiration date. The IPOs that are underpriced on the first day attract the attention of the analysts therefore generate information momentum and change the demanding curve of the stock. The generated information momentum change the share price to peak around the expiration date which allow the managers to maximise their personal wealth through selling shares.
The main purpose of this dissertation
…show more content…
Secondly, as one of the most well developed stock market, UK market locates in the similar developing stage as US market does, adequate data ensure the reliability of the research. Finally, both USA and UK market play a critical role in modern financial system, experience from these two markets could be contributive.
According to previous study on IPO underpricing in UK market, some analysts used different theory to explain this phenomenon but information momentum theory has never been adopted. Based on the data for UK market during the period between 2005 and 2014, this dissertation will use information momentum theory to explain the existence of IPO underpricing
…show more content…
uncertainty about the value per share. And this uncertainty is positive correlated with IPO underpricing. Johnson and Miller (1988) test and prove this theory again. Ljungqvist et al. (2006) propose that issuer prefer to sale their IPO to regular investors. A group of people do help in both maintain share price and extract extra value from sentiment investors. As they would expect inventory loss from the ceasing of sentimental demand, the profit from underpriced IPO is distributed as a compensation to cover this potential
Mondavi’s stock appears to be over valued by approximately 100% compared to 1997 and 1998’s per share market value. According to the EPS ratio, such over valuation appears to be consistent from ’97 to ’98, according to the EPS ratio. Therefore, it seems that investors would be hesitant to purchase Mondavi’s stock.
A very slim minority of firms distribute dividends. This truism has revolutionary implications. In the absence of dividends, the foundation of most - if not all - of the financial theories we employ in order to determine the value of shares, is falsified. These theories rely on a few implicit and explicit assumptions:
Before we invested, we decided to pick two types of companies to invest in. We would choose companies that had expensive stock but steady increasing prices and we would choose smaller companies that had cheaper stock but whom had a chance for potential huge price increases. If the smaller companies’ stock went down the bigger companies’ steadily increasing stock would even it out, but if the smaller companies’ stock price rose greatly, like we predict, we could sell and make a good profit. We found a big name company that had reliable stock prices pretty quick, but finding a small company whose stock price could rise was hard. We
that if they take out a loan and buy the shares they could make enough
...all the effects and trade-offs that have been discussed in the literature.footnote{For instance, the effects of the interaction of multiple insiders (cite{EdelsteinSureda-GomilaUrosevic:2010}), whether IT reduces the incentives of other market participants to gather information (cite{FishmanHagerty:1992,KhannaSlezak:1994,BushmanPiotroskiSmith:2005}), or the impact of IT on the cost of capital (cite{BhattacharyaDaouk:2002,Beny:2005}).}
A generation ago, it was generally believed that security markets were efficient in adjusting information about individual stocks and stock market as a whole (Malkiel, (2003)). However, we cannot deny the efficient market hypothesis has several paradoxes.
Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) are common ways for small companies to grow and expand by increasing their availability of capital. The Initial Public Offering started seeing a strong increase in popularity in the late 1990's. As a result of the growing popularity resulting in the dot com explosion, the term "IPO" became a household name. In order to understand how IPOs work, its best to first know how IPOs are created.
In theory, market capitalisation weighted indices are preferred as compared to equally weighted indices due to the fact that they are superior proxies and are consistent with the true market portfolio. Some practitioners argue that there is a perceived segmentation between the Resources, Financial and Industrial sectors on the JSE and consequently prefer to use the Financial and Industrial Index as an overall market proxy for stocks belonging to this category. Choosing the correct market index in order to regress against, is a vital aspect. Stambaugh (1982) identifies that the CAPM tests are generally insensitive to the choice of market proxy. However, many believe that the broader the selected indices, the better the market proxies. In the UK market, the two main indices used are the FT 100 which is made up of the top 100 companies and the FT All Share Index which is made up of all companies traded on the exchange.
In turn everything in the present and the future is judged through the stocks as they hold a high importance in industrialized economies showing the healthiness of said countries economy. As investing discourages consumer spending over all decreases, it lead...
The topic of IPO spinning is one that has not received much attention in the recent past. Amidst the recent financial crisis we have experienced the IPO market became relatively quiet. However, there is a large consensus that the IPO market may become much more active in the near future and it seems like an appropriate time to look at an issue that may again surface. We examined the article “A New Look at an Old Trick: IPO Spinning” from The Wall Street Journal. This article gives a brief outline of what IPO spinning is, a look at one of the more high profile cases of Frank Quattrone, and provides some evidence of the effects it has from a study by Xiaoding Liu and Jay Ritter.
Chapter 11 closes our discussion with several insights into the efficient market theory. There have been many attempts to discredit the random walk theory, but none of the theories hold against empirical evidence. Any pattern that is noticed by investors will disappear as investors try to exploit it and the valuation methods of growth rate are far too difficult to predict. As we said before the random walk concludes that no patterns exist in the market, pricing is accurate and all information available is already incorporated into the stock price. Therefore the market is efficient. Even if errors do occur in short-run pricing, they will correct themselves in the long run. The random walk suggest that short-term prices cannot be predicted and to buy stocks for the long run. Malkiel concludes the best way to consistently be profitable is to buy and hold a broad based market index fund. As the market rises so will the investors returns since historically the market continues to rise as a whole.
If the development of Financial Market in America is like a sturdy adult, I would say the development of Financial Market in China is just like a child. The history of the U.S. financial market was established and has been growing over two centuries. For China, only twenty year has now passed since the financial market was built and growth. The Chinese financial market seems to be immature compared to the U.S. For example, China’s financial market does not have a thorough monitored stock market. The child is just starting to imitate the behavior and follow the step of the adult. However, the child is too young that mistakes always being made. On the other hand, since the child is in his early growth stage, a high level of growth is undertaking and a large progress might be attained. In today's China’s financial market, it is necessary for China to gather finance professionals in development of financial market. As a recent graduate student, working in the finance field less than a year, it is extremely hard for me in making a tiny positive effect on the growth of Chinese financial. However, to be engaged myself to the development of Chinese financial market is my long-term career goal.
The efficient market hypothesis has been one of the main topics of academic finance research. The efficient market hypotheses also know as the joint hypothesis problem, asserts that financial markets lack solid hard information in making decisions. Efficient market hypothesis claims it is impossible to beat the market because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information . According to efficient market hypothesis stocks always trade at their fair value on stock exchanges, making it impossible for investors to either purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices. As such, it should be impossible to outperform the overall market through expert stock selection or market timing, and that the only way an investor can possibly obtain higher returns is by purchasing riskier investments . In reality once cannot always achieve returns in excess of average market return on a risk-adjusted basis. They have been numerous arguments against the efficient market hypothesis. Some researches point out the fact financial theories are subjective, in other words they are ideas that try to explain how markets work and behave.
Following the trend of economy, it is important to investors to understand that strong economy creates strong stock market. To elaborate further, as stock prices are increased by current and future expectations of earnings, thus without a strong economy it would be difficult for the companies to increase and sustain their earnings (Kong 2013). The economy development is usually calculated using the gross domestic product of a countries. On the other hand, a change is the stock price can also cause a major impact to the consumers and investors directly. Hence, a loss in confidence by investors can cause a downturn in consumer spending in the long term, which will also affect the economy’s output (Aysen 2011). The graph below shows the relationship of stock market price (KLCI) and the GDP of Malaysia in 2009. Thus, it can be concluded that the economy and the stock market has a positive relationship.
Machiraju, H. R. , 2002. International Financial Markets And India. 1st ed. New Delhi: New Age International.